Experience Of Facilitating Cpbl Tutorials Education Essay

I am asked to ease PBL and CPBL at St. George ‘s ( SGUL ) on a regular footing. Consequently, I selected this learning experience as the subject of this assignment, in order to let an chance to see the function of these tutorials within undergraduate medical instruction and how to maximize the acquisition experience for the pupils. When I was a medical pupil, PBL was comparatively new and merely comprised a really little proportion of the course of study. Since so, PBL has been progressively used in the UK and some medical schools now offer classs which about entirely employ PBL as the acquisition method. This has stimulated me to believe about the theory underlying PBL and how it compares to traditional undergraduate medical instruction. SGUL runs three separate undergraduate classs. One of these is the traditional five-year class, which accepts both school departers and alumnuss. In this assignment, I shall mention to this class as MBBS5. The other class that is relevant to this assignment is the four-year class, which is merely unfastened to alumnuss. I shall mention to this class as MBBS4.The experience of easing CPBL tutorialsI shall be depicting my most recent experience of easing a series of five hebdomadal CPBL tutorials with a group of seven pupils in the next-to-last twelvemonth of the MBBS4 class. I have chosen to concentrate on the 2nd tutorial in the series, as I felt that this was a peculiarly successful larning experience. As usual, the tutorial started with one of the pupils showing a patient that they had seen. Once the instance had been presented, the other pupils asked inquiries, easing a treatment about diagnosing, direction program and any other issues that the instance generated. The pupils identified subjects that they would wish to read more about and put larning aims consequently. They so researched these larning aims for treatment at the following tutorial. Once the pupils felt they had exhausted the treatment about the instance, we moved on to discoursing the larning aims set the old hebdomad. In the first tutorial, the pupils had identified the mental province scrutiny ( MSE ) as a subject that they would wish to read more about. In the tutorial, the pupils discussed each country of the MSE, with peculiar focal point on what inquiries to inquire to arouse symptoms from a patient. This stimulated an interesting conversation about the different ways each pupil had learnt to arouse the symptoms. I besides shared the inquiries that I use to analyze a patient ‘s mental province. The pupils reached the decision that there was no individual right manner to inquire the inquiries and that they needed to develop their ain manner that they felt comfy with. We so used function drama, during which I acted as a patient and the pupils were given an chance to pattern executing a MSE. The pupils reported that they found this highly utile, as it helped them to get down to develop their ain method for MSE and improved their assurance for executing the scrutiny on a existent patient.Critical contemplation on the experienceI frequently feel dying prior to learning Sessionss. My specific anxiousnesss around PBL tutorials include actuating the pupils, as I have found it hard in old tutorials to promote MBBS5 pupils to originate a treatment ; staying within the boundaries of my function as a facilitator, instead than supplying a didactic instruction session ; and a fright that the pupils will inquire inquiries that I am unable to reply. I exhaustively enjoyed easing this set of tutorials. This was my first experience of tutorials with the MBBS4 pupils. I found them to be much more occupied with the tutorials than their equals on the MBBS5 class. They were able to bring forth first-class treatments without motivating from me. I found it easier to stay within my function as a facilitator, instead than supplying active instruction. The pupils discussed complicated psychological constructs at a high degree, which I found peculiarly exciting. This highlighted the deepness of cognition that can be gained from others and reminded me how of import it is for physicians to pull upon this cognition as they progress through their callings, instead than dismissing their juniors as pedagogues. The MBBS4 pupils come from a huge assortment of backgrounds, so each was able to convey a different set of accomplishments and cognition to the tutorials. For illustration, one of the pupils had a background in catering and she was able to raise of import issues about a patient ‘s nutritionary position that I would non hold considered. In the past, I have found myself learning instead than easing in CPBL and PBL. However, during this set of tutorials, I found that I was better at inquiring inquiries to motivate the pupils to believe about the right replies, instead than stating them the reply. I felt that this was besides what the pupils wanted, whereas in my old experiences with MBBS5 pupil groups, the pupils frequently seem acute to be ‘spoon-fed ‘ the replies, instead than utilizing treatment to obtain cognition from their equals. This may be because the MBBS4 class uses PBL as its chief acquisition method from the start of the class, so the MBBS4 pupils are more familiar with the format and anticipate to larn by autonomous acquisition and sharing of cognition. On the contrary, the MBBS5 pupils have a batch more traditional talks and are accustomed to being taught in this mode. I did non see in anxiousness during this set of tutorials. We successfully created a safe, relaxed environment and the pupils seemed to experience comfy inquiring inquiries and discoursing hard feelings that they had experienced. This may hold been because all the pupils in the group knew each other and were used to working with each in PBL scenes. Again this is different to easing tutorials with MBBS5 pupils, who frequently are non well-acquainted with the other members of the group because until now the MBBS5 class has had a much larger cohort than the MBBS4 class. However, the Numberss accepted onto the MBBS4 class are increasing and I wondered whether this will impact on the group kineticss in MBBS4 PBL tutorials. In footings of countries for betterment, I think it would hold been helpful if I had besides researched the larning aims each hebdomad. I was surprised by the deepness and comprehensiveness of reading by the pupils. At times, they discussed really complex topics and I was non ever able to reply their inquiries. For me, this highlighted the abrasion of my cognition since finishing my postgraduate scrutinies two old ages ago and encouraged me to set about more professional reading and alteration. On a positive note, I think the pupils found it helpful to see that I was able to work aptly as a senior physician despite being unable to remember everything I have learnt. Students can experience overwhelmed by how much they have to larn and retain. I felt that I was able to reassure them that it is acceptable non to be able to remember everything you have learnt and that you can mention to text books. I received positive feedback through verbal remarks from the pupils and written feedback to the class organizers. The pupils seemed to bask the tutorials and found them of educational value. Equally good as discoursing the instances and larning aims, we discussed a calling in psychopathology, as a figure of the pupils expressed an involvement in this field. I think I was able to give the pupils a realistic and enthusiastic penetration into my profession. My hope is that, even if the pupils do non prosecute a calling in psychopathology, they will hold a positive position of mental wellness professionals, assisting to decrease stigmatization of the profession.Key pointsWhat is the grounds behind the development of PBL course of study? Does holding an adept facilitating PBL impact on pupil acquisition? Are graduates better suited to PBL?Literature reappraisalMy literature hunt revealed really minimum literature on CPBL. Therefore, I have decided to concentrate my cardinal points and literature reappraisal on the broader subject of PBL.The theoretical footing of PBLOriginally, PBL was based on the theory of contextual acquisition. The basic rule is that when stuff is learnt in the context of how it will be used, it supports acquisition and capacity to utilize the information. PBL uses this rule by supplying a instance in the real-life context of a patient sing a physician. Colliver ( 2000 ) undertook a reappraisal of the literature and concluded that the contextual acquisition statement was based on a weak research determination. Albanese ( 2000 ) concurred with Colliver ‘s unfavorable judgment of contextual larning theory as an statement for PBL and proposed four new theories for understanding how and why PBL works, specifically information-processing theory, concerted acquisition, self-government theory and control theory. Schmidt ( 1983 ) claimed that information-processing theory underpinned PBL. This theory involves three major elements, viz. anterior cognition activation, encoding specificity and amplification of cognition. Prior cognition activation is the procedure of pupils utilizing previously-gained cognition to understand and organize new information. Encoding specificity is similar to contextual acquisition theory, i.e. acquisition is promoted when the environment in which something is learned resembles the environment in which it will be applied. Amplification of cognition describes how information will be better understood and easier to remember when there is an chance for amplification in the signifier of treatment and replying inquiries. This theory incorporates contextual larning theory but provides a more comprehensive theory for understanding PBL. I will now briefly discuss each of the other three larning theories of PBL proposed by Albanese ( 2000 ) and reflect on my experience of easing PBL with regard to these theories. First, concerted larning refers to an person ‘s perceptual experience that they can merely carry through their ends if the other group members besides do so. Qin et Al ( 1995 ) conducted a meta-analysis of surveies measuring the consequence of concerted versus competitory acquisition on job work outing. They defined cooperation as the presence of joint ends, common wagess, shared resources, and complementary functions among members of a group. In competitory acquisition state of affairss, persons perceived that they could merely make their ends if the other group members could non. They found that members of concerted squads outperformed persons viing with each other with regard to job work outing. These consequences held for persons of all ages and for surveies of high, medium, and low quality. The high quality of cooperation, nevertheless, was greater on non-linguistic than on lingual jobs. I observed concerted acquisition in action during the set of CPBL tutorials that I have described in this assignment. The pupils were acute to portion the cognition that they had reaped from autonomous acquisition and support all group members to achieve the same degree of understanding. I felt that the pupils were better able to place the beginnings of misconstruing if a fellow pupil was fighting to understand a construct than I was as an adept facilitator. Self-determination theory may underlie affairs of motive and behavior relevant to PBL. Williams et Al ( 1999 ) argue that self-government theory has the possible to significantly better instruction. The theory differentiates between two types of actuating conditions, controlled and independent. Controlled incentives are thought to be maladaptive and include external demands every bit good as â€Å" introjected ordinance † , which are internalized beliefs about what one â€Å" should † make. These are all associated with either explicit or inexplicit wagess or penalties. Under controlled signifiers of motive, persons act with a sense of force per unit area and anxiousness. In educational footings, this refers to ephemeral, rote acquisition, which pupils do non incorporate into their long-run values and accomplishments. Albanese ( 2000 ) inferred that traditional course of study tended to affect controlled signifiers of motive. Albanese ( 2000 ) described independent incentives as â€Å" those which are personally endorsed by the scholar and reflect what the single finds interesting and of import † . In comparing to the external wagess and penalties associated with controlled motivation conditions, independent motive allows the person to act with a sense of will, bureau, and pick. PBL promotes independent incentives by sing the positions of the pupils and encouraging pupils to accept more duty for their ain acquisition. I felt that I was able to back up this by inquiring the pupils what they wanted to accomplish from the tutorials, easing their treatments by inquiring motivating inquiries and seeking the sentiments and feelings of pupils in a non-judgemental mode. As I discussed in my contemplation, we were able to make a safe, relaxed environment, which minimised force per unit area and control and encouraged a high degree of public presentation and collaborative acquisition. The concluding theory of PBL proposed by Albanese ( 2000 ) was control theory. This theory was foremost introduced by Glasser ( 1986 ) , who conjectured that all behaviors, including acquisition is intended to fulfill one or more of the undermentioned five internal demands: 1 ) To last ; 2 ) To belong and be loved by others ; 3 ) To hold power and importance ; 4 ) To hold freedom and independency ; and 5 ) To hold merriment. Albanese felt that PBL satisfies all five demands. It allows freedom because the pupils are able to construction their clip and take what to discourse. It satisfies the demand for power, as pupils have the power to put their ain acquisition aims. PBL promotes love and belonging because it allows pupils and facilitators to go more personally involved with one another than in talks. The literature ( Albanese and Mitchell, 1993 ) foreground how both pupils and module enjoy PBL, thereby fulfilling the demand for merriment. PBL promotes survival through pupils assisting pupils. These claims by Albanese ( 2000 ) are in harmony with what I experienced as the facilitator of the CPBL tutorials. To reason, although Colliver ( 2000 ) found the theoretical development of PBL to hold been weak, there is an array of theory that can be applied to PBL. I have described four theories but there may be others. Further research is required to look into how theory can be transformed into effectual PBL.Comparison of PBL-based and traditional course of studyIn the early 1990s, four separate systematic reappraisals comparing PBL to traditional course of study were published. I shall summarize these reappraisals before traveling on to discourse the more recent literature. The first reappraisal was published in 1992 by Norman and Schmidt, who examined the psychological footing for PBL. They found no grounds that PBL brought about betterment in â€Å" general, content-free problem-solving accomplishments † . However, they felt that there was some preliminary grounds to propose that PBL may â€Å" heighten both transportation of constructs to new jobs and integrating of basic scientific discipline constructs into clinical jobs † . Their other decisions were, â€Å" acquisition in a PBL format may ab initio cut down degrees of larning but may further, over periods up to several old ages, increased keeping of cognition † ; â€Å" PBL enhances intrinsic involvement in the capable affair † ; and â€Å" PBL appears to heighten autonomous acquisition accomplishments, and this sweetening may be maintained † . Albanese and Mitchell ( 1993 ) conducted a systematic reappraisal and meta-analysis of literature on the results and execution issues of PBL. They concluded from their findings that, compared with conventional medical instruction, PBL is more nurturing and gratifying ; PBL graduates perform every bit good, and sometimes better, on clinical scrutinies ; and they are more likely to come in household medical specialty. However, they besides found that PBL graduates tended to prosecute in backward concluding instead than the forward concluding experts engage in, and at that place appeared to be spreads in their cognitive cognition base that could impact pattern results. Vernon and Blake ( 1993 ) published a really similar meta-analysis of the literature, which supported â€Å" the high quality of the PBL attack over more traditional methods † . They found that pupil attitudes, category attending and temper were all systematically more positive for PBL than for traditional classs. In footings of clinical operation, PBL pupils performed better than traditional pupils. However, there was no important difference between the two groups on steps of clinical cognition. The decisions of a literature reappraisal by Berkson ( 1993 ) were much less positive, saying, â€Å" the alumnus of PBL is non distinguishable from his or her traditional opposite number. The experience of PBL can be nerve-racking for pupil and module. And execution of PBL may be unrealistically dearly-won. † In 2000, Colliver reviewed the medical instruction literature from 1992 to 1998, including the four chief reappraisals of PBL from the early 1990s, and produced a critical overview of PBL, its effectivity for cognition acquisition and clinical public presentation, and the implicit in educational theory. Colliver concluded, â€Å" the reappraisal of the literature revealed no converting grounds that PBL improves knowledge base and clinical public presentation, at least non of the magnitude that would be expected given the resources required for a PBL course of study † . Unlike old reappraisals, Colliver ‘s reappraisal challenged believing about the educational effectivity of PBL. Colliver suggested that farther research was required to clear up both theory and pattern. Subsequently in 2000, Norman and Schmidt responded to Colliver ‘s paper with their ain reading of the research grounds. They did non believe its was sufficient to trust on randomized controlled tests and argued for the usage of a wide scope of research designs and variables. Albanese ( 2000 ) besides produced a paper as a rejoinder to the reappraisal by Colliver. Albanese used consequences of pupils from differing course of study on the United States Medical Licensing Examination ( USMLE ) to propose that PBL produced higher tonss than traditional talks. Albanese concluded that the positive consequence that PBL has on the acquisition environment is â€Å" a worthwhile addition in, and of, itself † , despite the absence of a thorough apprehension of its consequence on cognition. Since 2000, PBL has been used progressively in undergraduate medical instruction in the UK. During this clip the educational theory behind PBL has continued to develop and several new reappraisals and surveies have been published. A reappraisal was conducted by Newman ( 2003 ) , which included merely randomised controlled tests and quasi-experimental surveies in which pupil public presentation or other results were objectively measured. They concluded that results for pupils in the PBL groups were less favorable than those in the â€Å" control group † . However, there was no consensus in the surveies that they reviewed on what constituted a control group. Dochy et Al ( 2003 ) were responsible for another recent meta-analysis of the effects of PBL, which showed that PBL had a positive consequence on cognition application of pupils. However, no consequence on cognition was found. A figure of surveies including that by Prince et Al ( 2005 ) ( look into ref ) have used self-report questionnaires to compare the sentiments and competences of alumnuss from PBL and non-PBL schools. The consequences suggest that PBL alumnuss are better prepared with regard to several of the competences. Antepohl et Al ( 2003 ) conducted a questionnaire survey of all alumnuss of the new PBL medical course of study at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden. They found that â€Å" alumnuss of the new medical course of study showed a high grade of satisfaction with their undergraduate instruction and how it prepared them for medical pattern † . However, this survey had some restrictions. The usage of postal questionnaires introduces response prejudice. They had a good response rate of 77 % but it is possible that the 23 % who did non react may non hold a positive position of their medical instruction. This survey raised inquiries sing the grade to which alumnuss ‘ subjective retrospective rating of their ain undergraduate instruction can supply relevant information refering the quality of the class. Schmidt and van der Molen ( 2001 ) overcame this issue when comparing PBL alumnuss to traditional alumnuss. They identified and corrected self-overestimation among PBL alumnuss by mentioning to self-ratings consequences in countries in which a difference between PBL and traditional pupils was non expected. If differences did occur, they were used to quantify self-overestimation and to rectify for it. Tiwari et Al ( 2006 ) conducted a randomised controlled test aimed at comparing the effects of PBL and talking attacks on the development of pupils ‘ critical thought. Their consequences revealed that PBL pupils had â€Å" significantly higher critical thought temperament tonss on completion of PBL compared with talk pupils † . â€Å" They besides continued to hold higher tonss, albeit to a lesser grade, than the talk pupils for two old ages afterwards. † This survey involved little Numberss of pupils and relied upon self-report by pupils, which can present recall prejudice. Despite these restrictions, this survey highlights the demand for farther research to find whether the differences in critical thought are maintained in subsequent old ages. Besides in 2006, Schmidt et al conducted a big, robust survey comparing professional competences of PBL alumnuss to traditional alumnuss in the Netherlands. Participants were asked to finish a questionnaire, evaluation themselves on 18 professional competences derived from the literature. They concluded, â€Å" PBL non merely affects the typical PBL-related competences in the interpersonal and cognitive spheres, but besides the more general work-related accomplishments that are deemed of import for success in professional pattern † . More late, Koh and co-workers ( 2008 ) performed a systematic reappraisal of how PBL during medical school affected the competency of physicians after graduation. The writers merely included publications that incorporated a control group of alumnuss from a â€Å" traditional † course of study. This high quality study employed a thorough methodological analysis, whereby physicians ‘ ego appraisals of their competences and appraisals by independent perceivers were considered individually. Small correlativity was seen between self-assessed and observer-assessed competence. Self-assessment showed a strong degree of grounds against PBL for ownership of medical cognition, but this was non confirmed by independent observation. The writers concluded that PBL has positive effects on alumnus competences in of import societal and cognitive spheres. Again, one of the jobs with this reappraisal was the absence of a definition of the control â€Å" traditional † course of study . In 2009, Macallan et Al evaluated which constituents of CPBL contributed most to the success of the theoretical account utilizing semi-structured questionnaires, focal point groups and a consensus method. They showed that pupils found CPBL a â€Å" positive acquisition experience † . They found that successful CPBL was supported by â€Å" the coach ‘s degree of expertness and a non-threatening acquisition environment, contributing to student oppugning † . This survey verified the thought that CPBL is â€Å" a parallel instruction attack that helps construction the instruction hebdomad, but does non replace traditional bedside instruction † .AndragogyUpon contemplation, I noted important differences in the manner in which the MBBS 4 pupils interacted in the CPBL tutorials and their ability to utilize these tutorials as a larning tool compared to pupils on the MBBS 5 class. I wondered whether this may reflect how learning manners change as we become grownups and mature. McCrorie ( 2002 ) described graduate-entry pupils as â€Å" extremely motivated and committed † and â€Å" much more autonomous, ambitious, demanding, oppugning † . â€Å" Alumnuss have already larn how to analyze and how to ration the other enticements of pupil life in order to maintain up with their surveies. This makes them better able to manage a autonomous acquisition attack † ( Rushforth, 2004 ) . Taylor et al stated, â€Å" the major difference between grownups and younger scholars is the wealth of their experience † ( Taylor, Marienau, & A ; Fiddler, 2000, p.7 ) . This is something that I reflected on following the CPBL tutorials, as the pupils in the group came from a assortment of backgrounds. Each pupil was able to convey a different position and cognition to the group, leting for a richer acquisition environment. On the other manus, pupils on the MBBS 5 class who have started their medical grade heterosexual from school tend to hold a similar educational background and experiences. In the 1950s, Malcolm Knowles developed the theory of andragogical acquisition, contrasting the larning methods of grownups with those of kids, pedagogical acquisition. Knowles claimed that one of the chief differences between these two signifiers of acquisition was that the function of the pedagogue was minimised in grownup acquisition. Andragogy is based on the undermentioned five premises about how grownups learn and their attitude towards and motive for larning ( Kaufman, 2003 ) : Adults are independent and self directing ; They have accumulated a great trade of experience, which is a rich resource for acquisition ; They value larning that integrates with the demands of their mundane life ; They are more interested in immediate, job centred attacks than in capable centred 1s ; and They are more motivated to larn by internal thrusts than by external 1s. Learner-centeredness is described in the literature as a separating feature of grownup instruction. Traditional medical course of study reflect inform pupils as to what they should larn and what sorts of cognition are considered of import ( Sheared & A ; Sissel, 2001 ) ( Titmus, 1999 ) . In contrast, PBL places scholars at the Centre of their learning experience and promotes flexibleness and individualization for autonomous, sceptered grownups ( Manusco, 2000 ) . However, andragogy has been criticised, as grownups do non automatically go autonomous upon accomplishing maturity. They may non be psychologically equipped for it and may prefer or necessitate way from others ( Beitler, 1997 ) ( Titmus, 1999 ) ( Courtney, Vasa, Luo, & A ; Muggy, 1999 ) . Kaufman ( 2003 ) suggested that alumnuss may hold some restrictions to their acquisition, including fixed learning attacks, greater fiscal concerns and a limited scientific background at registration. Survey of the literature reveals a deficiency of empirical grounds to back up the distinction between childhood and grownup acquisition. Nonetheless, many instruction methods that are frequently used in higher instruction, including experiential acquisition, pupil liberty and autonomous acquisition, root from andragogy.Analysis of literature and treatmentWhat is the grounds behind the development of PBL course of study?In the early 1990s, four systematic reappraisals of undergraduate medical instruction carefully supported the short-run and long-run results of PBL compared with traditional acquisition ( Albanese & A ; Mitchell, 1993 ; Vernon & A ; Blake, 1993 ; Berkson, 1993 ; Norman & A ; Schmidt, 1992 ) . There were restrictions to the reappraisals, as highlighted by Albanese and Mitchell ( 1993 ) , including failings in the standards used to measure the results of PBL ; general failings in survey design ; a limited research base, with surveies of PBL course of study coming from merely a smattering of medical schools ; and diverseness in what different persons call PBL. Furthermore, these surveies were conducted at a clip when PBL was a comparatively new and advanced manner of medical instruction. Therefore, studies of negative experiences may non hold been submitted or accepted for publication. There was besides a hazard of confusing, as it is really hard to randomly assign pupils to different learning methods for big sections of their preparation. These restrictions lessen the assurance one can give decisions drawn from the literature sing the results of PBL at that clip. On the whole, recent research mostly supports the findings of the earlier reappraisals, which suggested that alumnuss of PBL course of study are better able to use cognition and map clinically. However, the literature does non show differences in the cognition base of alumnuss from the two different course of study. Albanese ( 2000 ) argued that PBL improves clinical competency by doing pupils more confident and self-conscious as professional scholars, thereby bring forthing more efficient and enthusiastic physicians. However, non all the literature is consistent with this position. Rolfe et Al ( 1995 ) demonstrated that alumnuss from a traditional course of study were rated higher for instruction, diagnostic accomplishments and apprehension of basic mechanisms compared to those from a PBL course of study. There is a wealth of grounds to back up the claim that PBL consequences in greater participant enjoyment and enthusiasm for larning than traditional medical instruction. For illustration, Colliver ( 2000 ) found that pupils value the interpersonal accomplishments that PBL encourages and that are besides cardinal to effectual clinical pattern. Research into this field continues to be debatable. A batch of the recent surveies used questionnaires to compare the results of different course of study, which introduce callback and response prejudice. When measuring some PBL quantitative surveies, I noticed that the surveies were non based on any learning theory or were non proving anticipations from a larning theory and, therefore does non offer better apprehension of why or why non PBL might work. A challenge for future research is to utilize larning theory to plan quantitative PBL surveies and use the information from surveies to back up theory. Macallan et Al ( 2009 ) considered CPBL from the pupils ‘ point of view. They acknowledge that this is a common restriction of PBL research, as â€Å" pupils may non right perceive those factors that truly heighten their acquisition † . However, I agree with their remark that more nonsubjective steps are hard to use in this context. Another of the failings of the surveies that I have encountered is that comparings are frequently made between pupils or alumnuss from different medical schools. Consequently, it is hard to cognize whether any differences observed are the consequence of course of study design or the overall context of the school. Although randomised controlled tests have non been able to turn out statistical effectivity of PBL, there is considerable practical grounds from the 1993 reappraisals that pupils and module enjoy PBL more than traditional instruction methods. There are a assortment of statements for believing that it is excessively early to accept the negative findings of the literature. It seems that more refined research methods and a wider scope of research designs and variables are required to place educational alterations in a complex, larning environment. Bligh ( 2000, page ) stated, â€Å" deficiency of difficult `scientific ‘ grounds for the effectivity of PBL is non a ground for detaining execution of PBL in course of study † . There is chance for more UK-based surveies following the debut of PBL-based course of study at many UK medical schools over the past 10 old ages. The literature sing CPBL is really thin, so this could be a cardinal focal point of future research.Does holding an adept facilitating PBL impact on pupil acquisition?There is much contention in the literature as to whether an adept PBL facilitator promotes larning or non. Barrows ( 1985 ) suggested that non-directive facilitation was more of import than subject-matter expertness when he described the function of PBL coach as follows: â€Å" Alternatively of giving pupils the information and facts they need through talks and readings, they must larn to ease and indirectly guide pupil larning. They must let pupils to find on their ain what they need to cognize and to larn through the survey of varied resources. Alternatively of stating pupils precisely that they should larn and in what sequence they should larn it, the coach must assist pupils find this for themselves. † Hendry et Al ( 2003 ) claimed that some PBL coachs are excessively dominant. They reported that â€Å" a dominant coach causes tenseness and struggle in groups which leads to miss of committedness, cynicism or pupil absenteeism † . However, it has besides been shown that excessively small ordinance by the facilitator besides causes jobs. Silver and Wilkerson ( 1991 ) demonstrated that adept coachs impede student-to-student treatment by taking a more directing function in the tutorials, talking more frequently, supplying direct replies to pupils ‘ inquiries and proposing more points for treatment. However, other surveies have found the opposite consequence. A survey by Eagle et Al ( 1992 ) found that in tutorials facilitated by an adept coach, pupils generated twice every bit many larning issues and spent about twice the sum of clip on autonomous survey than pupils go toing tutorials facilitated by non-experts. Macallan et Al ( 2009 ) found that pupils â€Å" greatly appreciated it when adept clinicians demonstrated how clinical logical thinking applied to the instance † . As a consequence of these contradictory findings, some research workers began to look into the relationship between coach features and differential contextual fortunes ( Dolmanset al, 2002 ) . These surveies were based on the impression that â€Å" PBL is a complex acquisition environment in which different variables influence each other reciprocally † ( Dolmans et al, 2005 ) . Schmidt examined the consequence of coach expertness on trial tonss under conditions of PBL classs with low or high construction and curricular stuffs that match ill or good to pupils ‘ degree of anterior cognition ( Schmidt, 1994 ) . He found that when the construction of a class is low and/or pupils lack anterior cognition, the coach ‘s expertness has a greater impact on pupil public presentations. Dolmans et Al ( 1999 ) demonstrated that tutorial groups with comparatively low degrees of productiveness require much more input from a coach than extremely productive groups. As discussed in my contemplation, this is consistent with my experience. The MBBS4 pupils were extremely productive and my function in the tutorials was minimum. On the other manus, my old experience of PBL and CPBL with MBBS5 pupils has been that the pupils did non prosecute in the procedure or bring forth sufficient treatment or larning aims. In these tutorials, I found myself taking a much more cardinal function. Bochner et Al ( 2002 ) identified one contributory factor to the inconsistent findings is as the fact that there are no established criterions by which to find expertness. Although there has been debate as to whether the facilitator needs to be an â€Å" expert † , the consensus position seems to be that expertness in group kineticss together with supportive enthusiasm is more valuable than deep capable cognition. I found that, for the most portion in this series of tutorials, my function was entirely as a facilitator. However, the pupils on occasion discussed complex clinical issues, which were non easy to to the full understand from reading a text edition. This was when I would step in to explicate the construct in the clinical context.DecisionHelped to understand how PBL should run to be effectual – attempt to utilize motivating inquiries instead than give direct replies Use ice surfs at first tutorial to assist with group kineticss The accomplishment of PBL facilitation is that of cognizing when to supply aid to the group, be it proposing utile resources they might wish to see or come ining with thought arousing remarks to steer the comprehensiveness and deepness of acquisition, without needfully leaving facts.4a† Ã‚ µ4Maudsley G. Roles and duties of the problem-based acquisition coach in the undergraduate medical course of study. BMJ1999 ; 318:657-61.

Does Source B support the evidence of source C about the suffragette campaign

In this essay I am going to be discussing whether or not source B which is an extract from a book written in 1907 called Woman or suffragette supports the evidence given from source C which is a cartoon drawn by Bernard Partridge in 1906 about the suffragette campaign and the writers and artists opinions on the suffragettes. Firstly I am going to point out that source B which is a primary source was written by a woman and it is against women getting the franchise to vote. The thing that is very ironic about this is that at the time it seemed all women wanted the vote and wouldn't stop at anything to get it but this one woman â€Å"Marie Corelli† didn't think that women should have the vote and that all women should just leave the men to all the important things. Source C is another primary source and it is contempory to source B. The reason why this is important is because it helps towards showing that all of the people sort of had the same ideas about women's suffrage. In source C it shows a sensible woman and what seems to be a lunatic woman. The lunatic woman was looked upon as the suffragette and she has one fist clenched and in the other hand she a flag which says female suffrage but it looks as if it is falling apart and wearing down as if they are destroying the whole purpose of campaigning for the right. Also the main reason why these sources could not be used in too much in depth study is because both sources are bias towards their own cause. Source C is obviously just trying to make the suffragettes look bad so that it makes the suffragists look better. Source B however seems to be bias towards the men and is trying to point out that women are naturally incapable of being as mature as the men. In conclusion I think than source B most definitely supports source C for one main reason. This is because they are both trying to get the point across that they don't think women are going to get the vote and the main reasons for this are the suffragettes. One reason though why I begin to think that these source may disagree with each other is because one of the sources (Source B) believes that women will never get the vote because of the way the women are raising their children. Whereas in Source C the main reason why this source thins women will not get the vote is because of the techniques used by the suffragettes for example the main quote used on the poster is â€Å"you help the cause? Why, you're its worst enemy!† this quote shows the hate that the suffragists had for the suffragettes and their opinion of what their actions are doing to their main cause.

Christian and Hopeful’s escape from Doubting Castle Essay

Write a critical analysis of the extract (Christian and Hopeful’s escape from Doubting Castle) discussing the characteristic features of Bunyan’s Style. Bunyan uses allegory and symbolism throughout Part one. This symbolism is used very effectively in this extract; we can see the powerful images that relate to the spiritual nature of the characters. Doubt is powerful and Bunyan emphasises the danger and trappings of doubt through dramatic phraseology and strong physical images: ‘A very dark Dungeon, nasty and stinking to the Spirit of these two men.’ Bunyan’s dramatization of these events reflects also on the escape from the castle. Bunyan epitomises the ultimate despair in order to generate the joy and delight produced in the escape. This allows the reader to view the hope and joy that is present in the promises of God: ‘there to condole their misery, and to mourn under their distress.’ ‘And the door flew open with ease, and Christian and Hopeful both came out†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Bunyan also implements the use of dynamic verbs such as ‘flew’ this makes the reader aware of the ease with which doubt is broken. The discovery of the key of promise, which frees Christian and Hopeful from Doubting Castle; shows the reader the hope that remains even in the toughest of situations. Bunyan tries to make the reader aware of the danger of doubt through symbolism. This allows the reader to be cautious of doubt in his or her own life. This is typical of Bunyan, as his work tends to guide to correction, encourage and to issue caution: ‘ That’s good news, good brother, pluck it out of thy bosom and try.’ Christian’s realisation of foolishness has the effect of reinforcing the promise of Hope. Bunyan’s representation of this in the form of a speech allows Christian to persuade the reader to correct their foolish ways: ‘What a Fool, quoth he, am I, thus to lie in a stinking dungeon, when I may as well walk at liberty?’ Bunyan’s use of rhetorical questioning through Christian’s speech have the effect of encouraging the reader to question themselves. They also challenge the institution of doubt. Throughout part one we see the use of dialogue to encourage or reassure the characters. In this extract we can also view this as Hopeful speaks to Christian and questions his doubt over the situation: ‘; My brother, said he, rememberest thou not how valiant thou hast been heretofore?’ This has the effect of not only giving reassurance and encouragement to the characters but also to the reader. The use of pausing ensures that it is well understood. Bunyan uses imagery to create Giant Despair, ‘a large and imposing figure’ this has the effect of showing the powerful and controlling nature of doubt. However Bunyan also recreates the image of the giant to facilitate the ideas and concepts he wishes. As the escape progresses the reader sees that the large and powerful image is not all that is seems and indeed it eventually leads to its own downfall. Bunyan uses this situation to warn and encourage the reader. It allows them to see that even though trials engulf they never actually succeed. ‘Giant Despair, who, hastily rising to pursue his prisoners, felt his limbs to fail, for his fits took him again, so he could by no means go after them.’ Bunyan uses the Giant’s wife, Mrs Diffidence, to show the lack of direction that doubt has. It is created by the person and has no power. This has the effect of showing the reader that there is nothing that is worth doubt – it is a formality and should be regarded as such. This dramatic characterisation helps to indicate that hope is important and in the setting of this journey it is hope that eventually conquers the situation. Bunyan shows the despondency and discouraging nature of the castle through Hopeful’s speech however he also corrects their self-indulgence later in the speech with desire for patience and reliance on God from Hopeful: ‘†¦Also cut off the bread and water from my mouth, and with thee I mourn the light. But let us exercise a little more patience; remember†¦.’. The use of such dialogue relates also with Bunyan’s reliance on the bible as these descriptions may have also linked with the spiritual needs of a Christian. Bunyan uses the very low nature and despair created by doubt and allows the reader to see that hope was always present even if it was not always obvious to the characters. Bunyan’s use of dialogue extends beyond the pilgrims to the Giant and his wife, Mrs Diffidence. ‘Then he asked her also what he had best to do further to them. So she asked him what they were, whence they came, and whither they were bound; and he told her. Then she counselled him that when he arose in the morning he should beat them without any mercy’. This gives insight to the reader and creates dramatic irony, as the reader is aware of the weakness of the trials. One of Bunyan’s aims when writing The Pilgrim’s Progress was the instruction of Christians and throughout this extract we can see the encouragement and warnings that he provides and the way in which his writing reflects the authorial intention of the didactic purpose. Hopeful relates the experience of doubting castle to some of the earlier events in the book such as; the meeting with Apollyon and the valley of the Shadow of death. This has the effect of providing a link between the episodes of the dream, it helps to emphasise the representation of a journey and creates a development within the characters. Bunyan combines many different techniques and forms in the extract but the most effective of these is the dialogue between the pilgrims and also between their tormentors. ‘Then, with a grim and surly voice, he bid them awake; and asked them whence they were, and what they did in his grounds. They told him they were pilgrims, and that they had lost their way.’ This speech allows the reader to be aware of the characters thoughts and emotions; and to immediately identify the characters’ motives. This also has the effect of furthering Bunyan’s didactic purpose. The combination of the many effects within The Pilgrim’s Progress allows it to be enjoyable to all and make it still appreciated from a literary perspective.

Ceremonial Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ceremonial Speech - Essay Example He had constructed many historical buildings famous among them are the Robie House, Taliesin, Imperial Hotel Tokyo, Unity Temple in Oak Park and many more. During early life his family was frequently shifting from one place to another. When he was 12 years old he used to spend his summer with his mother’s family in Spring Green. He was an outdoorsy child and that is why he loved the natural beauty. His love for natural beauty is prominent in his construction designs. In 1885 he graduated from Public School in Madison and got enrolled in the University of Wisconsin at Madison to study civil engineering. His father divorced his mother and thus to finance his own fees and home expenses he started working with the dean of engineering department at the University. This Experience groomed his expertise and give him fruitful growth opportunities. (Biography.com, 2015) He had achieved a lot in his career but the best of him was two the Robie House and Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. First of which is Robie House which was constructed for Mr. Robie. This house is the symbol of natural beauty in simple design it has three levels i. The ground floor with lower roof top ii. Second level which contains kitchen and adjacent servant quarters that are separated with fire places, iii. Third Level that contains bed rooms this is made in such a way that the blaze of sun if required and intended could come inside and amuse the inhabitants this building is the sign of architectural excellency and that is why nowadays are open for visitors from all over the world. (En.wikiarquitectura.com, 2015) Second building that was constructed on the request of Japanese Emperor was The Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. Frank was commissioned in 1915 for this project and after seven years this great building’s construction was completed. The construction of this building became the reason for his fame after the Great Kanto Earthquake of

Project Management Governance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Project Management Governance - Assignment Example Contents presented in the project management plan are analyzed and whether the information presented in each section of the report is appropriate and informative for the audience. Each of the heading presented in the project management plan is analyzed and then the report presents the conclusion and recommendations for improving the project management plan. The project management plan is well-prepared however there is certain information missing in the plan. Moreover, the report has analyzed that some parts of the project management plan are very comprehensive and different project management tools and techniques are applied correctly. On the other hand, some sections of the report are missing important and critical information and if this information was included then it would have further improved the quality of the project management plan. Project management discipline of management has added a unique ability to the organizations for accomplishing unique objectives. Successful projects are critically dependent on well-defined plans. Therefore project management plan is vital to successfully completing the project. Project plans if are not prepared well then it often results in failure of the project and the project is not able to achieve the desired objective despite incurring an excessive cost, time and effort on the project. KJ Consulting Company has proposed a Project Plan for the Ottawa–Carleton Water Park on behalf of Carlington Aquatic Parks for the scheduled opening on May 21, 2005. This report is aimed at evaluating the project management plan prepared by KLSJ Consulting Company for the Ottawa–Carleton Water Park. This report assesses the level and quality of the considerations given to the aspects that are to play a critical role in the project success.

Ethical Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical - Case Study Example Siemens bribed any government official in various countries, so as to get the lucrative tenders. The bribery by Siemens was practiced in countries known all over the world for corruption such as Nigeria and unfortunately even countries renowned for transparency such as Norway and Greece were caught in the scandal. However, in February 1999, after significant pressure from countries such as the United States, Germany finally outlawed giving of bribes to foreign officials. However, instead of stopping the habit of giving bribes to the foreign officials, Siemens continued doing so discretely. Instead of abiding by the law, the firm came up with what was referred to as a â€Å"paper program.† This was an internal program that was supposed to punish the wrong doers or the people who participated in bribery. Unfortunately, the program did not punish the wrong doers. The company made millions through fraudulent deals to the expense of other firms. Soon after legalizing giving of bribery to foreign officials in the year 2000, authorities in Austria as well as Switzerland started becoming suspicious of some payments worth millions of dollars that Siemens was making to some offshore accounts. After lengthy investigations, some of the top managers at Siemens were arrested and some even prosecuted . Bribery and other related corrupt practices are unethical and unacceptable in any business circle. This is because it undermines the ethical corporate culture. To a larger extent bribery is known for mutilating fundamental corporate values of honesty and integrity. The Siemens scandal in our case which involved key employee bribing top officials of the business in foreign countries in order to win contracts was a serious unethical practice. In always vital for all companies to compete for tenders and contracts on fair ground, but unfortunately bribes are often used to distort the market place in order to favor a particular company over others. For instances, top

Article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Article review - Essay Example Nursing practice is evolving and nurses today are expected to be familiar in history taking and be professional always about how they do it. This article gives tips on how a comprehensive and complete history can be taken by nurses who are increasingly being delegated this important aspect of health care delivery. The authors give out steps to take during history taking so that it is systematic and all essential information obtained (including sensitive information). The nurses must be careful not to divulge confidential personal information and also make sure that there is prior consent obtained to get personal information related to history taking. Nurses must make sure that the environment in which they take information is appropriate and comfortable to the patient and additionally, they must establish rapport with the patient by making all appropriate verbal and non-verbal communication gesture. Some nursing experts prefer taking history in a set pattern or sequence but this is not very important. What is crucial is that all the needed information is obtained to get a comprehensive picture of the patients past and present health status. Communication is important to gain the patients trust so even the manner of how the questions are phrased or asked should be considered. Questions can be open-ended but nurses can ask more specific questions later on to clarify some information and make sure they got it right. Accuracy is crucial as the health assessment will serve as the basis for the doctor when making a diagnosis and when considering the course or type of treatment that is appropriate. The authors took extra efforts to present their ideas in an easily understandable manner, even placing important points inside a box such as appropriate communication skills, the desired sequence in taking history and listing by category using major body systems the usual kind of symptoms each body system will present if

Comparison of two friends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison of two friends - Essay Example While I was allowed to try new things and venture out on my own Aziz spent a great deal of time at home reading or studying. Though his grades were always better than mine it was never a point between us at that one may be being smarter than the other. We shared bonds that defied our personal choices in sports or culture and our personalities despite their differences seemed to supplement each other as though we were one. Aziz and I have been best friends for as long as I can remember. Aziz and I frequently go places together that separately we would likely not be interested in. He has taught me a great deal about Asian culture and we are exploring Egyptian culture though lately we have been discovering new music. I am looking for a part time job while Aziz is focusing more on finishing his education. Aziz’s’ parents are more able to afford his expenses though I feel guilty as I know my parents struggle. I would love to find something in a trendy stylish store in the mall while I finish school. My focus has been on business and that is my long term plan as of now; business administration. Aziz, being the genius that he is hopes to go to medical school one day and I don’t doubt that he will. His family is all successful with careers that took years to attain and I know that has had a strong influence on Aziz. He has less time for girlfriends than I; we manage to date casually. Neither of us is in a committed relationship, my last one ending badly. Aziz has many friends that are girls though I don’t ever remember him being serious towards one. Aziz and I share most of our thoughts and we can always talk to each other. Times get stressful when you are trying to succeed, knowing that others are expecting you to. We both realize our limitations and set goals that are achievable. I sometimes get jealous of Aziz as he easily reaches goals and we laugh as he encourages me. Despite our many differences it is Aziz who gives me the

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 76

Discussion - Essay Example Target countries could be developed or emerging economies. In this respect, product quality is critical to consumer tastes and preferences. Any country or economy can make high quality or low quality products. For example, china is a leading global economy but most of her industrial products are perceived to be low quality. Emerging economies, therefore, have the potential to outperform China in terms of product quality. Personally, I agree with the India-China comparison. Both developed and emerging economies have their strengths and weaknesses. In this respect, the primary factors to consider are consumer preferences, product price, and product quality based on past purchases reviews. I agree with the argument that social, economic, and political factors play a significant role in influencing consumer perceptions. Issues of free trade, product price, brand loyalty, and country of origin elicit mixed reactions with regard to product quality. However, consumer satisfaction outweighs all forms of

Study of emotion Essay Example for Free

Study of emotion Essay The results of primate studies have developed in the scientific community a common belief that the amygdala plays a central role in mediating emotions, the anxious temperament and fearful responses. From this generalization, it can be further inferred that a fully intact amygdala, with all others that constitute the brain anatomy in a normal condition, could effect a normal reaction in primates upon exposure to a stimulus (i. e. hostility: defensive stance; threat: fear). On the other hand, a lesioned amygdala can result in abnormal or even totally lack of reaction upon exposure to stimulus. In an article by Kalin, et. al. , (2001), the exposure of lesioned monkeys to unfamiliar threats such as snake and an unknown hostile male resulted to blunted fear responses. This confirms the hypothesis on the role of the amygdala in mediating emotional responses. In mediating fear, information first reaches the eye which will then travel to the thalamus and to the amygdala. The result is a quick registration of any perceived danger to effect a quick response. This is the direct subcortical pathway. In the cortical pathway, information passes to the visual cortex first before passing to the amygdala, allowing for conscious consideration of the danger involved after the initial rapid response. Rapid response is made possible by the innervation of the adrenal glands by the sympathetic axons to produce hormones such as adrenalin, noradrenalin or cortisol which hill hasten blood flow (Peacock, 2005). The registration of danger, and thus, fear is slowed or made impossible by the damage in the amygdala in lesioned monkeys. Still, another part of this article shows that lesioned and unlesioned monkeys showed no differences in emotional processing when exposed to a human intruder. This inconsistency poses a challenge on the notion about the role of the amygdala in mediating behaviors and emotional responses. One possible reason for this inconsistency is that the monkeys have been exposed to human since childhoold (Kalin, et. al. , 2001). In the expression of emotions and behaviors associated with retained memories, a functional amygdala is not necessary (McGaugh, et.al. , 1996) because while the amygdala is necessary in mediating fear, other structures have a more direct function in mediating long-term nonspecific anxiety responses (Davis, et. al. , 1997) These include the bed nucleus in the stria terminalis and the orbitofrontal cortex which may not have been damaged during the exposure. With the orbitorfrontal cortex mediating anxious temperaments based on appraised consequences, input from the amygdala becomes uncritical (Kalin, et. al. , 2001). The amygdala, after all, is involved only in the processing of new and ambigious threatening situations (Whalen, 1998) which may not characterize their exposure to the humans. Physiological psychology gives light to a perspective that is almost completely removed from explanations arising from social biases. The subjectivity of social sciences allows more leeway for as many numbers of interpretations as there are interpreters and gives rise to more confusion rather than understanding. A more objective approach allows an in-depth, more scientific, more uniform appreciation of emotion. That is, even without access to a person’s historical background or experiences, one can predict anyone’s actions by mere examination of one’s anatomy and physiology. Works Cited Davis M, Walker DL, Lee Y (1997) Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: differential roles in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci . 352:1675-1687 Kalin NH, Shelton SE, et. al. (2001). The primate amygdala mediates acute fear but not the behavioral and physiological components of anxious temperament. J Neuroscience. 21(6):2067-2074 McGaugh JL, Cahill L, Roozendaal B (1996) Involvement of the amygdala in memory storage: interactions with other brain systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci . 93:13508-13514 Peacock, S. (2005). Behavior, Physiology and Fear. Mind. Retrieved 05 May 2008 from http://mind. in/node/195. Whalen PJ (1998) Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 7:177-188.

Dilmas Impeachment: the Brazilian Last Political Crush

Dilmas Impeachment: the Brazilian Last Political Crush Introduction After a year of investigations, on 31 August 2016, Dilma Rousseff, the 36th President of Brazil and the first woman to occupy this position in the countrys history, was removed from Presidency of Brazil by the Senate for breaking fiscal laws and alleged illegally manipulation of government account. Thus, Rousseff was replaced by her vice president and alliance partner Michel Temer, in the hope that he would be able to manage Brazils economic situation. However, Ms Rousseff alleged that the impeachment proceedings were commensurate to a coup dà ©tat against her government. Since Ms Rousseff allegedly believed to be the victim of a coup fomented by her politics opponents, the Brazil local media defined the impeachment as a lawful act, hardly questioning if the hypothetical coup happened or not. Above all, Michel Temer is currently one of those less popular politicians in Brazil. Methodology This research was conducted by a succinct search for newspaper articles (available on the web) that have been written about Dilmas impeachment, especially those published on 31st August and 1st September of 2016. Three articles were used from three different newspapers. They are: The Washington Post, The New York Times and The Guardian. To help with the facts, this report is also based on one opinion article written by a Brazilian Historian and Journalist Juremir Machado in the same year. Main Points / Discussion This report has the main topic to explain briefly what happened during Ms Rousseff impeachment process from the point of view of the sources selected on the day that she was ousted as Brazils President. The political crush Despite Rousseff has used all legal means to defend herself she was taken from power on 31st August 2016. The Senate said that the impeachment was provided by the Brazilian Constitution and has all the guise of legitimacy (Machado, 2016). As reported by The New York Times, when the Senate impeachment Ms Rousseff, it also ended to 13 years of governing by the leftist Workers Party. Which was coming from an era that Brazils economy had surged, expanding the countrys profile on the world stage (Romero, 2016).   The Guardian News said that not only during Rousseff administration Brazilian economy was about to stand trial, but also for decades. Equally, large number of the members of Brazilian political class have been implicated in corruption investigation (Machado, 2016). For example, the man who initiated the impeachment process, Eduardo Cunha, former president of the Chamber of Deputies, is being accused of money laundering and tax evasion. Even Michel Temer, the man who assume d Dilmas place is being investigated for money laundering (Lopes Phillips, 2016). Brazils democracy The Guardian remembers that only two of the last eight directly-elected presidents had completed their terms. As a matter of fact, two presidents had been impeached, one removed in a military coup, one killed himself, one died before taking power and another had resigned (Watts, 2016). Hence, its possible affirm that Brazils democracy is very sensitive to any crushing. Its only past 30 years since the end of Brazils military dictatorship and because of that, Brazilian democracy still raw and probably too young to deal properly with the corruption scandals. The new man in charge The New York Times alleged that her impeachment might not restore public confidence in Brazils leaders, or diminish the corruption that pervades the politics and said that it only will transfer the power from one corrupted party to another. Michel Temer situation at government seems to be just as unhinged. Per, The Washington Post Michel Temer belongs to the more conservative Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, and is trying to introduce austerity measures to right the economy (Lopes Phillips, 2016). The Washington Post says: Temer is as unpopular as Rousseff, and whether he can muster the political support for such changes was unclear (Lopes Phillips, 2016). What is happening next In accordance with The New York times, being Ms Rousseff deposed, there is a possibility of the conservative speeches grow even more powerful in the country. Therefore, the party would be damaged as well possibly turning impossible a new re-election. Now, is waiting for the next direct election which is happening next year, in 2018. According to The Guardian, big protests anti-impeachment were seen in many cities in Brazil during the week of Ms Rousseffs judgment, demonstrating that the population did not totally accept the impeachment results. Conclusion Based on the research, it is unanimous between the articles that Dilmas administration wasnt the best for Brazil. However, the articles also investigated the fact that Michel Temer is part of the opposition party, letting understand that maybe the problem can be deeply in Brazils democracy. Michel Temer and his party are in the same way that Ms Rousseff a not better option for Brazil political condition. The sources also believed that the fact of Ms Rousseff was a former revolutionary against the military dictatorship could influence her to be ousted from the government. Nevertheless, we are talking about recent facts, in other words, Brazils crisis is part of history of the present time, running now without soon ending. References Lopes, M. Phillips, D. (2016, August 31). Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff ousted in impeachment vote. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/brazilian-president-dilma-rousseff-faces-final-impeachment-vote/2016/08/30/c85173d4-6ee7-11e6-993f-73c693a89820_story.html?utm_term=.77cd305a0e35 Romero, S. (2016, August 31). Dilma Rousseff Is Ousted as Brazils President in Impeachment Vote. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/01/world/americas/brazil-dilma-rousseff-impeached-removed-president.html?_r=0 Watts, J. (2016, September 1) Brazils Dilma Rousseff impeached by senate in crushing defeat. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/31/dilma-rousseff-impeached-president-brazilian-senate-michel-temer Machado, J. (2016, August 27). Opinià £o: Queda de Dilma ou à © golpe de Estado ou à © farsa. Correio do Povo. Retrieved from http://www.correiodopovo.com.br/blogs/juremirmachado/2016/08/8983/le-monde-desmascara-o-golpe/

Lives of Girls and Women: Curiosity by Alice Munro Essay -- del jordan,

The process in which human beings advance through different stages in their life towards adulthood is highly hellacious. Moreover, it is very likely that one might encounter some difficulty in this progression. However, it is in human nature that we learn by failing at things, then mastering them by repeating them again and again. In the novel Lives of Girls and Women, Alice Munroe presents the life of Del Jordan in a very interesting way. The novel is divided into eight stages of Del’s life, where she experiences different scenarios which ultimately give her a better understanding of life. Even though being curious has its pros and cons, at the end of the day it leads to the enhancement of a person’s inner self. In the novel Lives of Girls and Women, Del the protagonist can be analyzed as being a very enthusiastic girl. Moreover, her curiosity proves to be a dynamic benefit of her actions. Firstly, as an individual develops, it is normal for one to be very keen. Moreover, the enthusiasm leads one to being curious and wanting to learn new things. During the early stages of Del’s life, her curiosity is reflecting with her interest on the life of Uncle Benny. She narrates his life in Flat Roads and presents Benny as an eccentric character who is single, likes to hunt at the pond, and lives in an extremely unorganized way. â€Å"So lying alongside our world was Uncle Benny’s world like a troubling distorted reflection† (Munro 22). This quote explicitly shows the interest Del maintains on the troublesome life of Uncle Benny as she analyzes his characteristics and the many obstacles he faces in life. For instance, due to the fact the Benny was unorganized and needed someone to look after his house, he came up with an idea of marrying a woma... ... questioned gravity when an apple dropped on his head. This led to the discovery of physics that we study in schools today. However, too much curiosity is not good as well. Like they say â€Å"Curiosity killed the Cat† Del develops interests on topics regarding intercourse and gets sexually harassed by a man much older than her. All in all, we all should remember that curiosity is good if it is used in topics that would not cause great harm to you. As a human it is okay to be curious. What do you think? Is too much curiosity bad? Is Del right for being so curious? Works Cited Munro, Alice. Lives of Girls and Women. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. January, 1974. Book. Stafford, Tom. "Why Are We so Curious?" BBC Health. BBC, 19 Jan. 2012. Web. 24 Jan. 2014. Rey, H. A. "Curious George - The Original Story (1941)." YouTube. YouTube, 23 May 2012. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

Citizen Kane :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Citizen Kane was narrated by more than one person. The story of Kane’s life unfolds in overlapping segments that add more information as each narrator adds their story. The entire story was told in flashbacks. Each narrator had different opinions of Kane, so the viewer gets to see Kane from many different perspectives. Because the narrators are telling their stories at an older age they are sometimes unreliable and often contradictory. Also, the stories are told out of sequence and sometimes overlap each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One technique used in Citizen Kane was deep focus. Deep focus is when everything is in the frame in focus at the same time, instead of having only people and things in focus. Deep focus allows the filmmaker to show overlapping actions. With deep focus there are not many close-up shots of facial expressions or other details. Another technique was the â€Å"wipe†, where one image is â€Å"wiped† off of the screen by another. Low- angled shots are also used throughout the film to show many different angles of the sets. Finally, a lighting technique that is used frequently during the movie is shadows.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Citizen Kane’s main themes was the idea that childhood is lost. Throughout the entire film, Kane was seen trying to recapture his youth. It seemed as though he wanted to go back and do everything over. I think the one thing he wanted more than anything else was for someone to care about him and make him feel important. Because he was separated from his parents when he was so young he didn’t get to have the childhood experience of being loved and taken care of by his parents. When he became an adult he was very needy for attention and love. He tried to buy his affection from everyone in his life.

Approaches to Reading Text with Examples from Jane Austens Emma Essay

This paper presents the two of the four main reading approaches to reading a text. In this paper, Jane Austen’s novel Emma will be used to demonstrate these approaches; providing a detailed description into both reading practice, including reader-centred and author-centred. As it is now widely acknowledged that no text is neutral, these practices are one way of conceptualising changes in the theories and practices of literary study that have occurred during the twentieth century. Each approach is characterised by particular assumptions and values and therefore places greater or lesser emphasis on the interactions that occur between both the author and the reader as we read. To justify these approaches, I have also used defenses. Reader-Centred Approach Since its release in the early years of the nineteenth century, the novel Emma has never ceased to impress and intrigue. While being criticised for its lack of action and development, the novel, I found, provides the reader with a remarkably accurate and surprisingly hilarious portrayal of life in the upper middle class during the Victorian period. With the ability to one minute have me ready to pull out my hair and the next be in hysterics as Jane Austen repeatedly pokes fun at the characters and their unanticipated antics and imperfections, this book is a work of art. Events are miscalculated, actions are misinterpreted and emotions are toiled with, but as with many of Jane’s novels, a neatly tied (even teary) ending is produced and all that should live happily ever after do. In the end, what I had presumed to be both dull and strenuous turned out quite the opposite, and my immense appreciation for the novel, as you will no-doubt discover, clearly dem... ... glossary. Chalkface Press: Cottesloe, Western Australia. * Queensland Studies Authority, (QSA). (2002). English Extension: Reading Approaches, QSA, Queensland. * Ricoeur, Paul (1991). From Text to Action, Essays in hermeneutics 2. Kathleen Blamey and John B Thompson, trans. Northwestern University Press: Evanston, Illinois. * Robina State High School-Senior English Extension (Literature). (draft syllabus, 5.3.2). * Rosenblatt, Louise (1968). Literature as Exploration, revised edition. Nobel and Nobel: New York. * Thomson, J. (1992). Reconstructing Literature Teaching. Australian Association for the Teaching of English. Websites: * (1) Fitzgerald, C. http://www.readinggroupguides.com/guides3/emma2.asp. * (2) Jalic, L, 2000-2004. www.online-literature.com/austen/emma/ * (3) Wilber, A. www.amazon.com

Healthy Eating Habits of African Americans Essay

America is an overweight nation with many being considered obese; African Americans in particular, make up a considerable fraction of the population due mainly to culturally poor eating habits and inactive lifestyles. The latest Gallup-Healthways well-being Index survey shows that up to 63. 1% of the US population was overweight or obese in 2009. That means two out of every three adults and 17% of children in this country are overweight. Out of that number, approximately 60% are African American men and 78% African American women. The survey also says that African Americans were the most likely to be obese at 36. 2% compared to a national average of 26. 5%. Disturbingly, African Americans rank at the top of many similar health studies. This group is at a higher risk for chronic diseases. Chronic diseases are normally lifetime diseases that have no cure, but can be treated and maintained. African Americans lead all other ethnic groups in the nation in most statistics on obesity. Even though the numbers are alarming and a bit sobering, there are a variety of unhealthy habits that help contribute. The top reasons for many of these social and health issues lifestyle choices that can be prevented by proper education on health and fitness. For many Americans, poor lifestyle choices make for vulnerability to an assortment of health issues. One of the challenges for African Americans to overcome is healthy food choices. The cultural diet that many African Americans share makes this even more of a hurdle so to speak. African Americans have a rich family tradition of soul food that can present problems for today’s less active lifestyles. Many African Americans accept the notion that soul food is African-American recipes that have been handed down from generation to generation. â€Å"Soul food† meals traditionally depend on high levels of sugar, fat and salt for flavoring. Even though this may have some degree of truth to it, decreasing portion sizes and modifying recipes, can insure that blacks continue their cultural heritage of family eating traditions without expanding their waistlines. Decreasing the holesterol, fat and sodium content in their diets; African Americans can significantly reduce the risk of diabetes complications. Often these instructions by doctors and fitness experts result in dishes that can seem unfamiliar. According to the Department of Agriculture, (2002)11% of American households did not have access, at all times for to enough food for their family to support an active and healthy lifestyle. There is a direct relationship in the diets and eating habits of African Americans based on their socioeconomic status and education. African Americans have this and other cultural challenges to overcome. For example frying food is common method of cooking for African Americans due to the fast cooking time and versatility of meals that can be arranged quickly. The lack of affordability of higher quality meats, vegetables and fruits can also impact the opportunity leaner diets. A large amount of African Americans are on the poorer end of the poverty scale. Families scrambling to barely feed their households often select the cost conscious foods versus nutrition. The average African American family household income according to the Economic Census Bureau report (2007) was $33,916 compared to $54,920 for non-Hispanic White families. These issues are by no means excuses and in fact, change easily by a focus on health education and better diets alternatives. Meals can be modified by purchasing meats with less fat, fresh, green vegetables and fruit. African Americans can choose also choose better cooking methods such as baked, grilled or broiled. These methods can reduce saturated fats, cholesterol, and sodium while keeping the original, intended flavor of the food. Many cookbooks and recipes have been created to offer options and alternative to traditional soul food and unhealthy â€Å"quick† meals. African Americans of all ethnic groups in the United States have shown the most difficulty choosing diets that are low in fat and high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. This would require a huge change in diet quality and working against this is the greater marketability of packaged and processed foods. The packagings of processed foods seem strategically designed to attract certain demographics and African Americans do not seem to be exempt. African Americans have the highest risk of almost all diet-related disease when compared to their non-Hispanic white counterparts. Heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes are all leading causes of death in blacks. It’s a well know fact that being overweight can be dangerous to our health, however African Americans have to worry more about life-threatening disease like Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease and certain forms of cancer. African Americans are twice as likely to be diagnosed with diabetes as non-Latin white adults. Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent in African Americans because fat interferes with body’s ability to use insulin. Death from heart disease was 30% more likely among African Americans compared to their white counterparts. (2005, CDC) The most serious forms of cancer like lung, prostate, breast, and stomach also are more likely to be a cause of death in blacks than whites. These often fatal diseases can be traced back to poor eating habits. Heart attacks are often discovered to start from blockage of arteries from high cholesterol and saturated fat. Proper screening and regular checkups is a proactive way to early detection. Many African Americans do not get blood screenings or physicals regular, let alone have a primary-care physician. Changing to more active lifestyles and a regular exercise routine are critical ingredients needed to reduce the chances African Americans have for stroke and heart attack. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, African Americans were 50% less likely to participate in active physical activity as non-Hispanic whites. Considering this, it’s of no surprise that they die from heart disease and stroke almost twice the rate of Whites also. A professor at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Louisiana, Robert Newton Jr. , PhD, said in his Exercise for African Americans article that one of the perceptions of African Americans have is the belief that work provides sufficient exercise. Many African Americans are blue collar workers and often do strenuous jobs. He goes on to say other so-called barriers African Africans declare prevents them from regular exercise are myths like messing up their hair styles or dislike of public showers. Whether there is any validity to these claims or not, African Americans must educate themselves on the benefits of regular exercise and the affects of an in-active lifestyle. There are many books, programs, clubs and social activities that offer the specific, specialized support African Americans need in order to improve their overall health as a group. Many unhealthy habits of African Americans can be changed by simply adding in a regular exercise routine. Regular exercise brings along with it the desire to eat healthier. African Americans will first need to make some tough and ometimes unfamiliar choices. Choosing a family doctor or primary care physician is a positive step in the right direction. This is especially important when there are current health issues or one hasn’t been active lately. Educating themselves around the specific trends and downfalls they have as an ethnic group, can be a motivating factor in a lifestyle change. Also, developing a regular exercise routine will take firm commitment and discipline. One of the easiest ways African Americans can incorporate this into their current lifestyles is to start sneaking it into their daily activities. For example, they could take the stairs instead of the elevator at work, or go for walks during breaks or lunches. Even doing housework at a fast past can get the heart rate up and pumping. Yard work like raking leaves can provide extra-curricular activity too. Gym memberships and personals trainers can be a barrier to some African Americans due to the costs and fees associated with them. African Americans don’t have to look very far to find alternatives. Various local churches sponsor health programs or have created fitness committees to help improve their congregations health. A lot of companies sponsor mini-marathons or charity races to help a local cause and keep its staff in better physical shape. African Americans are still at the highest risk for a shorter life expectancy due to generations of poor eating habits and a lack of general health knowledge. These trends are evident in many Americans, but disproportionately still more in African Americans. With continued focus, attention and education by experts, schools, churches, even media and society as a whole, there can be a cultural shift. African Americans can close the gap between them and other ethnic groups in health statistics like obesity and body mass indexes (BMI). This is especially essential between blacks and non-Hispanic whites where the biggest gaps are evident. Chronic and diet related diseases like hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and cancer can all partly be attributed to lifestyle choices. Healthful living, proper diets, and active lifestyles can greatly improve the health of all Americans, but essentially the African American people.

Absurdity in Beckett’s Endgame

Bucket's â€Å"Endgame† explores an existence in an era when the importance of being Is Incessantly challenged by man's newfound recognition of the universes absurdity and lack of observable meaning, Written In 1957, the context of the world at the time of this works creation sheds much insight on its themes. In a time of continuous social and technological change scientific observations began yielding a more accurate picture of causality for the world and its phenomena; and the concept of god became ever less relevant. The recent world wars had left ruins in not only cities, but in the concepts driving the nature of man.With the Implicit destruction of deities and sets of traditional rules to govern man's behavior, humanity found Itself at a need to define a different purpose to Its existence. Enter existentialism: A belief in existence despite any discernible meaning, existence for its own sake; heralding with it an implied freedom of choice in both perception and action. As with the then contemporary world view, the characters in Bucket's â€Å"Endgame† are left to survive in the wake of a crumbled world. Free to devise their own world view, the characters respond by developing life affirming routines – mistreating that creation persists even In destruction.Destruction, It would seem does not eliminate an object or Idea, but only redefines its form, beginning its existence anew. Rather ironically, the play begins with Cool repeating the world â€Å"finished†. Consequently, this theme of beginnings and endings as interrelated, cyclical, mutually necessary, and conclusively futile comes to prevail over the course of the play. As with the classic case of the chicken and the egg, the cyclical pattern of creation and destruction is eternal In Its supposed nature.However, to the AOL of Inciting drama or motivation, a story must begin with destruction; a motif with which â€Å"Endgame† is rife. The very setting of the play Immedia tely evokes a sense of catastrophe and destruction. The lifeless â€Å"bare interior (Endgame, 50) is coupled with the â€Å"nothing† or â€Å"zero† (Endgame, 51) reported outside by Cool to Imply at the decay of a once lively outside world; while the imagery of the stage as a skull (with the two windows acting as eyes and the characters as the thoughts) denote the destruction within.During this unmentioned catastrophe, the characters saw the end f their entire world and way of life; thus being forced to redefine their views and behaviors. The destruction of their past worlds leads the characters to abandon their old ideals and ways of life. The bastardly He doesn't exist. † exclaimed Ham when his prayer went unanswered; showing that even god had died in the wake of Ham's personal disaster. However, these new circumstances work to effectively create a new world for the characters to inhabit – a world as senseless as the last.Whether It Is the story about the tailor, which coupled the end of a period of walling he beginning of the world, Ham and Clove's killing the flea from which they believe humanity may have been reborn (Endgame, 591 or the numerous references to Christ, whose death (and subsequent rebirth) – destructive and creative motifs in Bucket's â€Å"Endgame† are presented in tandem. Interestingly, the cyclical nature of life and death renders itself generally nonsensical and pointless.Surely, if all is to end to be reborn anew then a personally crafted purpose will ultimately remain as to exemplify this notion of a circular existence, with many motifs of rebirth such as Cool always returning. In their awareness of death (their own destruction), Bucket's characters foster eternally static routines that they hope will distract them from their imminent demise. They go through the â€Å"†¦ This farce, day after day† (Endgame, 54), as Nell puts it, because there is nothing else to do but delay the ine vitable while they wait.To that end, Becket makes use of repetitive language to denote the futility and repetitiveness of the cyclical nature of life. The play systematically notes upon and enunciates the characters minutest movements, and repeats their most casual interests: from Ham's insistence on remaining at the center of the room (Endgame, 57); to how many pauses Ham takes in his speech; to how Nell repeats herself to Nag, as in the case of â€Å"April afternoon† (Endgame, 56) . â€Å"Let's my dream. A world where all would be silent and still, and each thing in its last place, under the last dust. † (Endgame, 66) says Cool, expressing a desire for order.Yet Cloves constant tidying seems to have no end in sight; especially if he were to direct his efforts to the destruction outside. This tidy end of which Cool dreams would only yield disappointment as he would have no cleaning duty to occupy him and upon achieving it, his life would again become meaningless. In s uch a way, Cloves vision provides meaning to his trudge, which would otherwise dissipate upon achieving his goal. This focus on repetitive actions that delay the inevitable prohibits the discernment of meaning from these same actions, since there is never a final culmination to assess.Still, even the one example of a final product, is by no means fulfilling. â€Å"Look at the world and look – at my TROUSERS. † (Endgame, 56) Says the tailor in Knell's story, as if to belittle the bounty of the world (tongue in cheek, of ours) in the face the quality of his pants. In this case, as in the case of the characters death delaying routine, no amount of postponement will have made the end result worthy. As such, the play essentially stresses a â€Å"damned if you do, and damned if you don't† scenario by showing how any action will eventually be absolved in futility.The theme of futility ties into the very initial metaphor for ends in beginnings: As Cool mutters â€Å"Fi nished, it's finished, nearly finished, it must be nearly finished. Grain upon grain, one by one, and one day, suddenly, there's a heap, a little heap, the impossible heap. (Endgame, 50), he effectively questions when individual grains live up to the concept of a â€Å"heap. † From this perspective, the heap is an â€Å"impossible† notion, as any single grain is not in itself a heap, and a â€Å"heap† is Just an accumulation of single grains.This view resurfaces yet again, when Ham considers how individual moments make up a life (Endgame, 70). In this instance the analogy maintains that it is an â€Å"impossible† life, consisting not of a life that can be scrutinized as a goal achieved (or not), but of discrete moments that define it (before death terminates it indefinitely). Thus, any creation of meaning incurred during one's life, is presented as ultimately pointless – and only leading to its own destruction with the passing of its believers.Whil e Ham and Cool are in the â€Å"endgame† of their ancient lives, with death lurking around the corner, they are also stuck in a perpetual loop that never allows the to achieve closure. Ham claims he wants to be â€Å"finished,† but admits that he â€Å"hesitate[s]† to do so (Endgame, 51). â€Å"We're not beginning to†¦ To†¦ Mean something? â€Å", Ham wonders, only to be ridiculed by Cool in response him deeply aware of its lack of purpose. Since any ending is also a beginning, there is never any finality, and conclusive meaning is impossible.Besides, any meaning derived would be as shallow as the meaning left behind; while only persisting as long as its belabored. The very expression of Ham's question exemplifies this very struggle; where he delays and repeats words as he attempts to finish the sentence – only to have it become a meaningless gesture in the eyes of Cool. Cool, though aware of the world's absurdity must still subscribe to routi ne. He adheres to the daily procedures of tending to Ham and thus makes it the purpose of his life.Just as death wont arrive to conclude their lives, neither Ham nor Cool can escape existence in catheters presence. Such is the case with Clove's frequent failed attempts to leave the room and Ham's insistence on squashing the flea that might herald with it the human race; the characters appear to fear the destruction of their current realm of existence in favor of another for fear of the new world being worse still. It is consequently implied that the characters loathe the thought of reincarnation into this world; particularly being personally resurrected after death only to face life again.Thus they make an effort to kill all potential propagators of meaningless life such as the â€Å"procreators† that they seek to kill (Endgame, 73), or the incident with the flea the flea: â€Å"But humanity might start from there all over again! Catch him, for the love of God! † (Endg ame, 59) screams Ham, in chase of the flea. In exploring the cyclical nature of destruction and creation, â€Å"Endgame† notes on the futility inherent to the process. The cyclical nature of destruction and creation is rendered meaningless by the very definition of its continuity.Seeing the meaning seep from their previous existence, the characters come to realism that any new purpose will be as unfailing and mortal as the last. In the process of finding purpose in an existence doomed to meaningless, the characters come to occupy their time with senseless repetition that they both despise, and require. In true existentialist fashion, they deem all actions pointless, but are unwilling to stop making them while they still can. This play goes to show that meaning is what you make of it, and that there are no winners at the end of this absurd game called life.

Internet Search Synopsis Essay

The first website, National Institute of Mental Health, deals with different mental illnesses including eating disorders. This website is considered to be credible because of many factors. The number one factor would be that it is recently updated. It is indicated that the website was last reviewed on April 22, 2009. This is important because it means that the latest news regarding mental illnesses and eating disorders can be found. It also means that the people behind the website checks the site if there are errors. It also has an About Us page and a Contact Us page so people can obtain further information about mental illnesses. The organization also has a Privacy Policy, which is important because â€Å"the presence of privacy policies also appears to influence the perceptions of website credibility† (Lazar, Meiselwitz, & Feng, 2007, p.18). The National Council on Problem Gambling (NCPG) offers assistance to people who may have gambling problems. They promote public awareness regarding the problem and can be contacted to obtain counselors who deal with this type of problem. Unlike the previous website, NCPG does not have a privacy policy nor does it indicate when the website was last updated. However, it has an About Us page and contact details are posted on the web site’s homepage. It also has a domain extension of .org, which can be a determinant of the site’s credibility. The National Eating Disorders Association is the third website to be reviewed. The About Us page contains videos that talk about what the organization is all about. It does have a Contact Us page for those who want to avail of the organization’s services. The site also offers users links to other resources that might be helpful when researching about eating disorders. It appears that the three websites are accurate and authoritative, which make them credible. â€Å"†Accuracy is one indicator of quality and suggests the author or host feels a degree of responsibility for the image or content that’s put forth† (Friedman, 2004, p.159). However, the National Institute of Mental Health’s website is the most credible of all three websites reviewed due to the completeness of the requirements of a good website.

Cause, effect, solution to deforestation Essay

Deforestation means clearing forest cover or tree plantations to accommodate agriculture, industrial or urban use. It may cause the end of forest cover because of human purpose. So what can cause deforestation? As earlier mentioned, agricultural activities are one of the major reasons. Nowadays the demand for food products of people is overgrowing, so a large number of trees is cut down to grow crops or for cattle grazing. Another reason is for logging. Wood based industries, like paper, match-sticks and furniture, are now used frequently, so several trees are chopped down for this purpose. Also, wood is used as fuel in an either direct or indirect way, for example firewood or charcoal, so trees are destroyed. Some of the factors is the desertification of land. It happens because there isn’t much land enough for houses, roads and for the overpopulation in urban areas. One more example is forest blazes. Thousands of trees are lost each year because of the forest fire. It happen s due to extreme warm summers or milder winters. As a result, deforestation can affect a lot on nature. As we know, trees play an important role in controlling climate balance and global warming. They release water vapor in the air, give shades so that soil is kept moist and is prevented from erosion and utilize the greenhouse gases. They also protect some areas from floods as trees absorb and store large amount of water with their roots. In addition, the falling of trees can cause wildlife extinction. Because forests and jungles are natural habitats for wild animals, when these places are destroyed, the animals have nowhere to live. They are forced to move to a new location, some of them are even pushed to extinction. To stop these terrible effects from happening, we need to have solutions to this problem. So as to reduce the number of trees falling down, the government should make a series of rules and laws of cutting trees. Also, clear cutting of forests must be banned. And they should have a policy of planting young trees to replace the older ones tha were cut. We should make a mov e as soon as possible, to save the trees for our future.

Questions about Fruits Biology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questions about Fruits Biology - Assignment Example Every fruit has a different proportion of these elements and accordingly its taste varies. The fruits which have more fructose and less of acidic content will generally taste sweeter. Some very sweet fruits are banana and mangoes. On the other hand fruits like orange and grapes have higher content of acids. Orange has citric acid and fructose in equal quantity and as a reason it is sour. Some fruits like melon have no specific taste because they have an equal composition of starch and acids. So the major chemical compounds which determine the taste of a fruit are fructose and acid. 2- How does the ripening of fruit affect the process of seed dispersal? The process of fruit ripening has an important role to play in the seed dispersal phenomena of fruits. Fruits are dispersed by various agents like wind, animals and humans. When the fruits are dispersed by animals they undergo ripening procedure which gives attractive characteristics to fruit which attracts the consumers. The enzymes w hich give the ripening effect to the fruit allot bright color and scent to the fruits in order to enhance their appeal and attraction . This makes the fruit more noticeable and visible to the consumers. When consumers are attracted to the fruits they are eaten by them, and the seeds are carried away to long distance when they get discarded. This allows the seeds to travel long distances away from their parent tree. They then get germinated in various location of the land and flourish. In the case of fruits which are dispersed by wind, they undergo dehydration in later stage which causes the seeds to be dry and light . This makes the seeds light and allows the scattering of them to various planes of land. Wind is a very strong dispersal agent and can carry the seeds to extremely far away places. Some fruits whose seeds are dispersed by wind change its structure during the ripening procedure which gives it a light structure due to the consequent drying up or dehydration. Thus differen t agents like wind, animals and humans allow the seed dispersal of fruits after they ripening procedure.