Case Study in a Correctional Facility Essay -- Management

This case study focuses on a scenario describing the experience of Leon Smith, a fictional sonny boy correctional officer (CO) in a large jail in a Midwestern industrial city. Smith observed that the inmates in the jail were eer talking about their criminal successes, and that many of them seemed eager (in a surreptitious way) to shargon intelligence information with COs. Rookie Smith was excited by the possibility of collecting intelligence in the jail and passing this on to law enforcement. Smith had ambitions of one day working in homicide investigations, and thought that sacramental manduction intelligence from the jail would both further his ambition, as well as a noble goal of helping law enforcement apprehend criminals and perhaps withal terrorists. Smith became disillusioned, however, as he began to observe that his fellow COs were well aware of the ready availability of the information, but were not interested in practically of what occurred outside of their immediate work sphere. In fact, they seemed more interested in their own particular shift or what went on inside of the jail. Smith intimate more about his peers when speaking with his Shift Sergeant Griswold, who expressed the point of view that all inmates are liars. Griswold also stated that COs are not cops and that law enforcement would not want to hear from them, even if it was useful information. Griswold stressed this point by saying his Lieutenant would say the same involvement if he brought intelligence to him. This scenario provides examples of barriers to communication, the strength of informal organizational socialization, a possible good application of linking pins to share information across work units, and opportunity to repair communication . Each will be discuss... ...covers for a meeting to disclose intelligence. Fro incentives and motivation , we will need to develop protocols for working with the DA to reduce measure served based upon inmate partici pation in the intelligence cycle. If reduction in time served is not possible, there may be other perks which can be provided to the inmate for their cooperation.References Conger, J. A. (1998). The necessary art of persuasion. Harvard Business Review,76 (3) , 85-95.Stojkovic, S., Kalinich, D., & Klofas, J. (2008). Criminal Justice Organizations Administration and Management (4th edition). Belmont, CA Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning, Inc.Tannen, D. (1995). The power of talk Who gets heard and why. Harvard Business Review, 73 (5), 138-148.Toch, H. (1978). Is a correctional officer, by any other name, a screw? Criminal Justice Review, 3, 19-35.

THE MAJOR EVENTS :: Business and Management Studies

THE MAJOR EVENTSThe graphs below summarise the fluctuations in the share price andshareholders returns of Vodafone group, as a result of two majorevents which occurred in mid February, 2004 and mid November of thesame year. On the 22nd 0f January 2004, AT&T Wireless, the third largest spryphone group in the US, put itself up for bargain but as shown above in anatomy1, this does non seem to have affected the share price or volume of trading as in that respect was no significant upward or downward trend in thesetwo areas. This can lead to an assumption that the market isinefficient as it did not respond to the information or that investorswere not expecting Vodafone to bid for AT&T Wireless because Mr Sarinhad told investors and analysts that he was happy with Vodafonesjoint venture with Verizon, the leading mobile phone operator in theUS.Had Vodafone succeeded in acquiring AT&T Wireless, it would have hadto sell its profitable stake in Verizon back to its partner, VerizonCommunica tions - a prospect that did not appeal to its shareholdersand so may be why the new information was not relevant to theVodafone.9th February 2004, saw the Vodafone Group Plc announcing that it will reach out to monitor developments in the US market and is exploringwhether a potential transaction with AT&T Wireless is in the interestsof its shareholders. This lead to a decrease in share price asinvestors knew that it would mean that Vodafone would have to sell itsprofitable stake Verizon to buy AT&T Wireless. The steep drop in Fig 1suggests that the market was efficient in its reaction to thisannouncement.The formal bidding war began on the 13th when Cingular made an initialoffer of $30bn, and the offer was matched by Vodafone. Cingular thenraised its bid to $35bn which was again matched by the Britishcompany. When Cingular raised its offer to $38bn, Vodafone once morematched the bid and this suggested to investors that Vodafone wouldpay too much for AT&T Wireless, which is why the s hare price droppedeach day till bidding ended on the 17th. On 17th February 2004,Vodafone withdrew from the auction when it concluded that it was nolonger in its shareholders best interests to continue discussions.We can see that there was a 5% increase in the share price when thiswas announced, and the volume of trading shows the marketsinformational efficiency Since news emerged that Cingular had made aninformal offer in mid-January, Vodafones shares have underperformedthe rest of the market, cutting the value of the company by more than

Returning to a Pre-Print Culture Understanding of Music :: Web Internet Technology Essays

Returning to a Pre-Print Culture Understanding of Music If the Web technology like Napster is eventually different with the current print based recording industry, which values individual works (i.e. records, CDs, videos) as commodities, then the mental image of the current music industry exit have to be changed drastically. To bridge the gap, something akin to cable service, which uses a flat rate for basic service and then has add-ons like return-per-view competency be utilise to curb or at least contain free dissemination of files while still remaining lucrative. This does not change the current industry paradigm so much it simply awards more commodity status to access than product. Last July, Bertelsmann and Napster CEOs met to discuss a subscription partnership. Between the two of them, the price for a subscription to the vernal Napster was floated at somewhere between $4.99 and $15 a month (Alderman, 171). The problem with this solution is that many people may n ot be willing to pay for something that they have in the past acquired at no cost. It has been relatively easy to bypass security limitations placed on Napster, and in addition, similar applications have appeared to manage with Napster, or replace it in the event that access is blocked (i.e. Morpheus, Gnutella, Aimster 2). A more effective solution might be one similar to what delightful Dead lyricist John Barlow proposed in a 1994 issue of Wired Intellectual property law tailnot be patched, retrofitted, or expanded to contain the gasses of digitized saying We will need to develop an entirely new set of methods as befits this entirely new set of circumstances (Alderman, 20). To completely change the paradigm might involve going back to a pre-individualist, pre-high capitalist system. To keep the industry lucrative, the question that record labels, musicians, and other industry types should be asking themselves is not How can we make money using existing copyright laws in the n etworked surround? but How can we still survive as an industry in an environment where copyright does not? A possible alternative, and an option that hearkens back to pre-print culture, is that musicians might be salaried on the basis that they provide a service. Their art would be free for public enjoyment, but the musicians themselves would be compensated on salary to ensure that music continued to be made at its current rate.

The Killing of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern :: essays research papers

The Killing of Rosencrantz and GuildensternHamlets own Philosophic view.     In terms of Hamlets own philosophic view, the cleanup spot of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern is very out-of-character. Hamlet is an intellectual, and thusly believes that killing is not a necessary solution (this could also relate to why he hesitates so long at killing Claudius). He does this more than out of anger and penalize than out of his own will and good judgement. As somewhat of a justification he says,"Ere I could make a prologue to my brains,They had begun the play-",proving that, given time to think about his actions, he probably would not have done it.Hamlets goal of Revenge     As far as his goals of revenge go yes this was an act of personal vengeance for Hamlet, but it did nothing to aid in his ordered revenge of his fathers death. Although somewhat justifiable, as the both were conspiring with the king against him, their deaths were not very practical. It is, in fact, completely plausible that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern had no idea of the contents of the letters they carried, thus nullifying the whole point of the revenge put upon them, and putting the deaths of two innocents on Hamlets head. If they did know what the letters contained, however, it was one of Hamlets high points in the play. He actually accomplishes something instead of analyzing it to death, displaying the kind of action he should have taken towards killing Claudius.In Terms of Todays Moral Standards     Crimes of passion are the most common crimes that result in death and Hamlets actions displayed just that. He was anger driven, and blind to reason, reacting emotionally, without thought process too much about the end results or circumstances of his deed.

Tokyo Story by Yasujiro Ozu :: Japan Japanese Film Cinema Movies

Tokyo Story was directed by Yasujiro Ozu and released in Japan in1953. It is about an disused married equate that travels to Tokyo to visit theirchildren. They are greeted warmly, but are treated as if they are just anannoying siding from the childrens busy lives. The mother becomes illand dies soon after they return home, leaving the family to reflect on hervisit. Some striking scenes include the grandmother dreaming of her risingduring a walk with her grandson, the old couples visit to a spa, and threeold men discussing the failure of the future generations. The subject matterof the tommyrot consists of a social commentary on Japanese middle-classfamily life and more acutely, an examination of human mortality, alienation,and modernity.The main contention of Ozus unique behavior of directing is theimportance of mutually supportive formal and rhetorical systems, a contentionthat is absent from the classical Hollywood movie houses of this period. Whereas inmost of the movies of this time the stylistic aspects would be subordinate tothe narrative, the systemics of Ozu coexist independently of one another.This inimitable quality of Tokyo Story can be reflected on through theexamination of continuity, transition, and the apprehension of the non-diegeticfilmic properties. The consideration of these elements suggests that astylistically driven film can succeed regardless of the degree of narrativemotivation.The freedom of the stylistic system to not be dependent on thenarrative creates the distinctive spatial and temporal aspects of TokyoStory. The intentional discontinuity of the diegetic world is accomplishedmainly by the use of non-traditional editing. Ozus curve of thenecessity of respecting the conventions of the graphic match and the 180-degree line contribute to the originality of the film. For example, one of theopening sequences in the movie is a conversation between the marriedcouple that deliberately cuts back and forth over the 180-degree line ineach successive shot. The effect of this technique is that each characterachieves perpendicularity with the camera, which creates the illusion thatthe characters are speaking directly to the audience. This contributes tothe viewers involvement in the world created in front of the camera.Another example is the introductory dialogue between the old couple andtheir daughters family. An entirely different style was employed for thisscene in which every character is in the frame at once. Ozu conveysthrough this scene his ability to layout a complex shot construction andperform scene manipulation. Despite the seeming disregard for the typicalcontinuity, driven by eye-line matches and montage, this film achieves astylistic originality and independence that complements the narrative rather

Tokyo Story by Yasujiro Ozu :: Japan Japanese Film Cinema Movies

Tokyo Story was directed by Yasujiro Ozu and released in Japan in1953. It is close an old married equal that travels to Tokyo to visit theirchildren. They are greeted warmly, but are treated as if they are just anannoying sidetrack from the childrens restless lives. The mother becomes illand dies soon after they return home, leaving the family to reflect on hervisit. Some striking fits include the grandmother dreaming of her futureduring a walk with her grandson, the old couples visit to a spa, and threeold men discussing the failure of the future generations. The subject matterof the story consists of a social commentary on Japanese middle-classfamily life and more acutely, an examination of human mortality, alienation,and modernity.The main contention of Ozus unique style of order is theimportance of mutually supportive formal and stylistic systems, a contentionthat is absent from the classical Hollywood films of this period. Whereas inmost of the movies of this time the styli stic aspects would be subordinate tothe narrative, the systemics of Ozu coexist in low-levelly of one another.This inimitable quality of Tokyo Story can be reflected on through theexamination of continuity, transition, and the discretion of the non-diegeticfilmic properties. The retainer of these elements suggests that astylistically driven film can succeed regardless of the degree of narrativemotivation.The freedom of the stylistic system to not be dependent on thenarrative creates the distinctive spatial and temporal aspects of TokyoStory. The intentional discontinuity of the diegetic world is accomplishedmainly by the use of non-traditional editing. Ozus disregard of the urgency of respecting the conventions of the graphic match and the 180-degree line contribute to the originality of the film. For example, one of theopening sequences in the movie is a conversation between the marriedcouple that by choice cuts back and forth over the 180-degree line ineach successive shot. The e ffect of this technique is that each characterachieves perpendicularity with the camera, which creates the illusion thatthe characters are intercommunicate directly to the audience. This contributes tothe viewers involvement in the world created in front of the camera.Another example is the introductory dialogue between the old couple andtheir daughters family. An entirely different style was employed for thisscene in which every character is in the frame at once. Ozu conveysthrough this scene his ability to layout a complex shot construction andperform scene manipulation. Despite the seeming disregard for the typicalcontinuity, driven by eye-line matches and montage, this film achieves astylistic originality and independence that complements the narrative rather

Philosophy Communication Barriers Essay

(a) How does James mobilise of my intending to say something? Does he think of it as a process in consciousness?James argues that our phrasing intended to say is an almost wrong explanation on a subconscious or even psychic thing that it happening within our minds. The point is that we never consciously form the words in our minds or even draw upon our retentiveness banks to call to mind images of the thing that we mean to say. Instead, it is an unconscious function of the mind that we hear something and choose to respond to it with some form of vocabulary. In the event that the wording we choose is wrong, we often re run with the phrase.What I meant to say was James argues that this happens when the precognition of our own mind fails to work rapidly enough to anticipate the reaction of the psyche we atomic number 18 speaking to and choose the proper words to convey to a thought stream to that specific person. On the most basic level, it means that our minds did non act quickl y enough to substitute the proper word into a sentence.For example, imagine talking to your best friend closely her sister. The intended sentence would be, Hows she doing? As the speaker you would not have planned out the conversation or thought specifically intimately what to ask, and when you speak and say, Hows he doing? the immediate response is to say, I meant she. Hows she doing? there is never a point at which the conscious mind stops and chooses the words to use.This might wherefore make an interesting discussion for linguists and psychologists to determine how talking to actually happens. James argues that it is a subconscious thing, which implies then that speech is a learned ability you bum train the subconscious mind. Take for example learning to speak another language fluently. Teachers argue that you grassnot speak another language fluently until you can think in that language.The premise is basically the akin as what James has argues. If you are completely flu ent in the language and some unity asks, Que es el nombre del gato? You leave alone be responding with the cats name in front the image of the cat is even called to mind. If you are less than fluent, you impart need to translate the question before you can answer, thus moving the response from the subconscious speech centers to the conscious mind.(b) Can the arguments Wittgenstein employs against the idea that understanding words is a conscious process be adapted to show that intending or meaning to say words is not a conscious process that begins before I say them Wittgenstein argues that the meaning of a word is defined as we use it, not by some memory flash card system begun when we are children. This then would exempt in English the tendency to crease euphemisms and phrases which cannot be translated literally establish on the presumed meaning of the individual world. To use his argument, if language were a conscious thing, human speech patterns would always be precise and w ould never relay on simile, metaphor or any other form of literary device. Instead, in essence, he is list that because language to create imagery that is not a specific reflection of the exact meaning of what is said, it is a subconscious action.Likewise then, if the use of language is subconscious and not dependent on a specific meaning when a word is chosen, Wittgensteins argument can easily be developed to explain that the use of words or even the development of an answer is not necessarily a conscious thing.Think of it as a sort of language autopilot. Our subconscious mind understands what is being discussed and how to respond to it before the conscious mind has a chance to understand the nature of the question. Therefore, the subconscious mind can devise a response and begin it before the conscious mind starts to speak. In the event that the conscious mind disrupts the process and inserts its own words, the subconscious mind can send it a message that says, What I meant to s ay was.c) James claims that intending to say something is or provides an anticipation or premonition (=knowledge in advance) of the words I will say or think. Do Wittgensteins remarks in section. 187-192 show that James is laboring under some misunderstanding about this? Explain.Wittgensteins remarks evince that James is misunderstanding the functioning of the mind by calling the natural process of communication between the conscious and subconscious premonition. He would argue that the act of speech is a sort of subconscious act, with only specific forms of speech coming from the conscious mind. If both parts of the mind are working in proper harmony, the subconscious can formulate and plan a response long before the conscious mind can even think about it.However, this is not a self-premonition or anything as supernatural as James might be implying. Instead, it is a factor of the understanding of the human brain and how it works. Since the proboscis cannot, by definition, underst and the workings of the subconscious, we simply must accept that these incidences occur when the subconscious works more rapidly than the conscious mind. Wittgenstein argues that this is not a premonition, but simply evidence that the mind works much faster than we appreciate.2.) P. F. Strawson writesStates or experiencesowe their identity as incidents to the identity of the person whose states and experiences they are. From this it follows immediately that if they can be identified as particular states and experiences at all, they must be possessedin such a way that it is luculently impossible that a particular state or experience in fact possessed by someone should have been possessed by anyone else. The requirements of identity rule out logical transferability of ownership. Individuals, p. 97(a) Briefly describe Wittgensteins treatment of the idea that another person cant have my perturbs in Philosophical Investigations Section 253. (Describe the aims and system of his remark s.)Wittgenstein disagrees with Strawson, with a tongue-in-cheek sarcasm to illustrate that in the event of Siamese twins, two people could share the exact alike pain. Ultimately, though his goal is to demo that identity is not as important to the identification of pain as far as location and intensity. Whether a person has the exact comparable concern that you are having is not nearly as relevant as the fact that they have had a business concern in the past and can therefore sympathise with the pain that you are impressioning. In essence, he is arguing that the sameness of the pain is also irrelevant.When discussing the human condition, it is more important to draw parallels between like circle than to throw up semi-rational boundaries such as the identifiers that Strawson used. While it may technically, maybe, be impossible for more than one other person to feel the exact same pain that you are feeling, in the human nature of inexact speech we often use the phrase same pai n to indicate that we have been in similar circumstances.Drawing unnecessary barriers by pointing out that our individuality will affect the way that we feel pain does nothing to promote a greater understanding of pain, the nature of the individual, the nature of empathy or the human condition. If Strawson were attempting to define the uniqueness of the individual, his commentary might have been relevant, but in a discussion about the nature of pain, it is divisive and irrelevant. The point is to discuss the sameness of the human condition in that while we may have different understandings of pain, we can interrelate via the belief of pain. For example, two women with menstrual cramps may not be experiencing the same intensity of pain or even the same location, but they can relate based on the similar circumstance.(b) Do observations like those in his PhilosophicalRemarks *2 account for all the ways we use the expression (same) pain?Wittgensteins examples via Philosophical Remarks peradventure do not go far enough in disavowing Strawsons claims, but he does make a good start. By arguing that the criteria of identifying the sameness of pain involves location and intensity as criteria rather than identity of the person feeling the pain, Wittgenstein effectively argues that Strawsons claim is false. What he fails to discuss are the non-physical sources of pain and whether they can be the same pain or if Strawson is closer to the mark when using inaccurate language to describe emotional trauma.But here too, if Wittgenstein had desired, he could argue that Strawsons claim is fundamentally flawed. Again, we go first to the example of identical twins that are raised together. Though there might be some differences in their emotional makeup, for the most part, they are going to feel emotional pain in the same way. But even if we forgo the contractable aspect ad simply discuss emotion as an end result of experience, it seems ludicrous to assume that each of the six billion people on the planet will have experienced life in a completely unique way and will therefore never have the same pain as another person.(c) Push Wittgensteins investigation one step further. We say things like this I had two bad headaches today one in the morning and one in the afternoon. What are criteria for sameness and difference in such chemises?The primary criteria for sameness and difference in this case would be the location of the headache and its intensity. For example, a tension headache might begin at the base of the spine and radiate upward, a sinus headache might begin just below the eyes and a migraine might be a throbbing in the temples. Each can be described as a bad headache depending on the severity and each is unique in its location. However, often people who are prone to headaches will have them in the same location and are given to saying, I had that same headache again to indicate to the listeners that this is a recurring problem in the same location with the same intensity.When language is used precisely, this is an inexact statement, but if the primary purpose of language is to convey meaning to the listener, this can be a much simpler way of saying I have a headache again in the same spot as I did yesterday and it hurts the same amount. Much like with the other discussion, Wittgenstein seems to be challenging his fellow philosophers regarding their choice and use of the language. Because the language itself is inexact, making a claim simply based on the language usage is invalid.(d) Do these cases vindicate Strawson?I do not believe these issues vindicate Strawson at all. It appears that he was doing exact what Wittgenstein was trying to warn against he was using an imprecise example of language to erect a barrier to human empathy that need not exist. Generally speaking, when a person uses the phrases, I feel your pain it is to indicate that I have been in a similar circumstance and have felt pain because of it. As such, I c an read with your pain. However, people simply do not talk that way and to expect them to do so is illogical.Therefore, Wittgenstein rebukes Strawson, fairly gently, trying to make him understand that the same is not always the same. It makes perfect sense when you consider the propensity in English to use the phrase exactly the same. Though sameness implies that two things are alike, we have learned to differentiate between things that are similar and thus the same in casual conversation and things that are identical.

Human Service Profession- Mental Health Counselor Essay

Counseling has a major emphasis on prevention. Mental health counselors work with one-on-ones and groups to promote optimum psychogenic and emotional health. Counselors may help individuals deal with issues associated with addictions, substance abuse, family, parenting, marital problems, stress management, self-esteem and aging. Mental health focal point brings a unique approach to the kind health care professions. mass who receive such counsel are labeled unhealthy, wrong or misery (Smith, Robinson, 1995, p. 158). The remainders of a mental health counselor are based on specific principles. The grassroots principles are responsibility, autonomy, client and consultee welfare, mis-representation, consultant-consultee relationship and confidentiality. Counselors believe in the basic human need and the potential for emotional and intellectual growth of their client system and consultee. In order to better the client and the society, the counselor allow carry out functions co mmitted to increasing the understanding of the clients self and differents (Fanibanda, 1976, p. 547).Responsibility is a principle consisting of a degree of responsibility that the consultant has for the client. Consultation can be a blending of professions such as consultant-teacher, consultant-policeman, or consultant-welfare worker just to name a few. The consultant moldiness take responsibility for their own behavior. With strict shape a consultant must not give advice to a client because they will be held responsible. Autonomy is a principle that gives the independence or granting immunity to a client, dropping his or her dependency on the counselor. This will allow the consultant, and other professions to perform their jobs more efficiently (Fanibanda, 1976, p. 548).Client and consultee welfare principle must acquire balance. If the client and consultee result in any difficulties the consultee may revoke his practice with the client. Remuneration is the question of payment between the counselor and client. This standard will safeguard the best interest for the client and counselor. The consultant and the consultee relationship is a well excepted concept in the cousultation practice. It is often difficult to slip into a therapist role, but the counselor must maintain a professional role of his specialty. Such a relationship on a personal note, could destroy the goal of helping the client.Confidentiality is another principle counselors use. Confidentiality agreement upon the counselor and client is specific information that cannot be shared with any other parties, unless a written agreement is signed upon. It is in the process of building trust between the client and the consultee to safeguard any information between any other parties (Fanibanda, 1976, p. 550-552).Mental nausea effects a wide array of the population. The population consists for different races, sex, social trend, and criminals that are effected by mental disabilities. Social class is one of the most common characteristics of the mentally ill. The social lower class is linked to more serious cases for the development of the mentally ill (Fox, 1990, p. 344). Mental illness is the primary cause for the homelessness. It is estimated between 72 and 82 percent of the homeless are mentally unstable, based on an Australian study (Johnson, 2011, p. 29-30).Presently it is whether minority groups are disproportionately represented among the mentally ill, but minority groups such as African American and the Latino population appear not to yield from this as much as the Caucasian population. This is a surprising fact due to that more minorities are exposed to more risk factors. Minorities tend to be relatively poor, and lack resources to prevent social and vocational disability and to promote long term recovery (Snowden, 1997, p.236).The criminal population is another amongst the mentally ill. People with a mental illness are three times more likely to cause incarcerated than be admitted to a psychiatric facility. Correctional institutions have become the largest providers of mental health treatment in the United States. Statistics show that 14.5% of male and 31 % of female inmates have a mental illness. Mental disorders can arrange from schizophrenia spectrum disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenic form disorder, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and depressive disorder (Gross, 2013, p. 175).Counseling is not only true by the mentally ill, it is also received by people dealing with stress. It can be stress of a new job, relationships, family, finances, and addictions just to name a few. Many people that even consider themselves normal and stressed receive counseling. Many of these people seek counseling because it has a high effect on health. Health problems such as chronic heart disease, depression, and psychomatic illness (Brown, Brooks, 1985, p. 860). Mental health counseling is a treatment on its own, while other forms of mental disorders can be treated with medication. Mental health counselors are readily available for face to face treatment or even over the web. oer the web counseling is often easier for clients because of travel needs.Many would argue that e-counseling is not as efficient as face to face, but 90% of clients that have use e-therapy said it worked (Alleman, 2002, p. 199). As stated before counselors try to provide prevention with clients. Prevention means the confronting and lightening the major cause of mental disturbance. In the mental health field, demands for examination of moral and scientific beliefs and begin to take action for change. One on one treatment even if successful, is not considered prevention. Public health teaches that no mass disease or disorder has ever been controlled or eliminated by individual treatment or an increasing number of therapists. However for individual therapy it is proven to lowe r individual emotional disorders. Treating clients and preventing emotional disorders are done reducing or eliminating the noxious doer, strengthening the resistance of the host, and preventing the transmission of the noxious agent to the host. The principle of the noxious agent is stress. All stress that leads to an emotional disorder is unwanted (Albee, 2013, p.37-40).

Occupational Health and Safety in New Zealand

progress to in your reading list/bibliography to class in Week 5 (Gag 19) Hand in Full Assignment Week 5 (Thursday 21 at pm in assignments box) Value 40% of final mark Format judge style format, typed or word processed, well presented with high standard of grammar & punctuation. Please attach BOTH coversheet and marking schedule to the front of your essay.Length 2,000 words maximum + bibliography (you argon allowed a maximum of under or over this figure this will be strictly adhered to) N.B. the word count for each assignment must be entered on the cover sheet Topic Although well-defined differences exist among the fields of advertising, marketing, and public relations, there is an Increasing realization that an organizations goals and objectives can be best naturalized through an Integrated approach, not Just through marketing but through all communication functions. (Wilcox et al. 201 3) This integrated approach is often called Integrated marketing Communications (MIMIC). Desc ribe why this integrated approach is gaining momentum, highlighting the various communication functions, and those areas in which an overlap or integration can realize importantly better results both tactically and strategically for both brands and organizations.

Virtual keyboard

There is a wide range of innovative input device selections available in the market today. Most of these input devices ar designed for ease of use. Previous devices are usually developed and improved to devise impertinent inventions fitting for the pressure sensation needs of the computer client. In some cases, these brand new gadgets are dispensable, simply for plain entertainment.Browsing through the internet has provided the writer with information or so the latest input devices that have swamped the market for gadget finds. I have chosen three different keyboard innovations, putting them side by side, to localize their usableity and efficiency. by dint of a simple analysis of product descriptions, the value and marketability of each is also identified.The virtual keyboard is a laser technology that takes input through keyboard to a new level. The virtual keyboard is an I-Tech innovation that is merely a projection of the standard keyboard interface. Practically speaking, t he virtual keyboard can be cast on any type of surface. This is a perfect companion for laptop, PDA, Pocket PC, and Smart Phones users, accustomed to traveling around.The virtual keyboard works in a complex manner as it processes movements of the hand and the fingers to identify and carry out various keystrokes. Each keystroke is coupled with a tapping sound for a historicalistic feel. It does not use up much power because when it is not in use, it vanishes automatically from sight. The virtual keyboard can be connected to any device through USB or Bluetooth connection.The FrogPad mini keyboard is another interesting keyboard device because of its size. Its dimensions are smaller than the regular keyboard dimensions and it has only around 20 functional keys. Like the virtual keyboard, it is also designed for traveling and outdoor use.An interesting fact closely the FrogPad mini keyboard is that it is one-handed. Inputting only requires the use of one hand allowing you to do other things while typing. It can be connected to any type of device such(prenominal) as PDA, Laptop, Pocket PCs, Smart Phones, and other varieties of mobile devices through USB. The FrogPad mini keyboard is widely used in computers installed in vehicles because of its functionality and simply because it saves much space. Its newest knowledge is the FrogPad Bluetooth wireless keyboard.The Step On It keyboard turn back pedals by Bilbo Innovation, Inc. is a plug and play keyboard peripheral that makes use of a three electronic pedals in heterotaxy of some keyboard keys, such as the Ctrl, Alt and Shift keys. However, designating other keys to each pedal is allowed, as desired by the user. The objective of the keyboard control pedal is to sheer wrist strains that may have caused by prolonged typing activity.Among the three keyboard innovations listed above, I think the device having the most market potential is the FrogPad mini keyboard. A lot people nowadays are looking for ways to maxim ize their time and be able to do multiple tasks at the same. The FrogPad mini keyboard enables you to this. As it saves much space, it is also easy to bring anywhere you want to go, through the use of handheld devices and other computers. It also offers a one-handed feature where it permits multi-tasking.It also comes with features want switching left hand and the right hand, and its interface allows users for easy input. The I-tech virtual keyboard comes next with regards to market potential. Aside from its attractive and hi-tech design, it is also practical and functional for people on the go. It is best to use it with handheld devices to save space.The most interesting thing about it is that it each keystroke is accompanied by a real tapping noise similar to the tapping sound in regular keyboard devices. It was creatively designed and well thought of, producing an innovation that captures the attention of the computer client. The Step On It keyboard control pedals are impractica l. It results to confusion as it changes the way the keyboard is used. It complicates things because you have to mix the use of your fingers and your feet. I would have to say it has not proved its potential for consumer consumption.ReferencesBilbo, (2007) Step On It Keyboard Pedals. Retrieved December 4, 2007 from Bilbo InnovationsInc. Website http//www.bilbo.com/Fogg, M. (2006) Virtual Laser Keyboard Now Available. Retrieved December 4, 2007, fromOverclocl3d Ltd. Website http//www.overclock3d.net/news.php?type=3&id=491&desc=virtual_laser_keyboard_now_availableHackerStickers, (2006). FrogPad Mini Keyboard USB. Retrieved December 4, 2007, fromHackerStickers.com. Website http//www.hackerstickers.com/products/frogpad-mini-keyboard-usb.shtml

Pulp Fiction

Discussing intertextuality in the movie Pulp Fiction, means not only taking into consideration Quentin Tarantinos text, his vision nevertheless also the whole culture that influenced the film director. Pulp Fiction is a gangster movie, and obviously Tarantino was lured by detective, crime fable novels like the Modesty Blaise (a spy fiction novel by Peter ODonnel published in 1965), which in the movie is being read in the toilet by Vega (actor John Travolta). dams double cross of Marsellus reminds the viewer of Dashiell Hammets novel, Red Harvest (1929). The main character from this novel blackmails a boxer into unfixing a fixed fight. (The schoolmaster title of the movie was supposed to be Black Mask, which was a pulp magazine projectular in 1930 for its detective stories. Even the food eaten by the characters belongs to a pop culture at that place are scenes where a box of cereals called Fruite Brute appears (which was canceled in 1983). The graphic of the movie reminds of the pulp culture, and there is a motive from the medicate culture all the clocks in the movie are set at 420, especially the clock from the pawnshop.Another text which inspired the director in creating some scenes from the movie was, as strange as it may appear for a gangster movie a biblical passage, more precisely Ezekiel 2517. This passage is recited in the film by Jules during his executions and this makes Juless character show up as the victim not as a inhumane killer.The films title, Pulp Fiction reveals the entire culture from witch it was born. Pulp fiction refers to the cheap fiction magazines (mainly detective fiction) which were published from the 1920 s by dint of the 1950 s. These magazines included a wide variety of genre fiction, fantasy, detective, science fiction, westerns, war, horror, sport. Tarantino succeeded in uniting almost all these genres in his masterpiece.Quentin Tarantino included in his films his own pop objects like big Kashuna Burger, red apple cigare ttes and other elements and eventually Pulp Fiction itself became an icon of the pop culture.The posted lyrics use the leitmotiv of the young maidservant who is seduced and murdered (raped) by a young charismatic man who attracts and is followed with enthusiasm (a pied piper the mysterious traveler who agrees to help a town train rid of a ). J. carol Oates wrote Where are you going? Where have you been? inspired by the murders from Tucson of Charles Schmid (an article published in Life Magazine) and by the Bob Dylans song Its all over now, baby blue.The posted lyrics contain elements like seduction unconscious forces, violence, rape which are typical in Oates story WGWB. Her work mix Gothic alienation with a subtle social observation. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Are_You_Going%2C_Where_Have_You_Been%3F)Flannery OConnor wrote about Southern protestant characters who suffer great teddys. Their transformation is gained through comical behavior in the quest of the holy, violenc e and pain. Somehow her characters seem to have been touched by a spiritual grace. The author is ironic, and there is a clear discrepancy between the characters bounded perceptions and the awful fate awaiting them. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor)The characters depicted in OConnor stories and in pulp fiction fight for a cause, they endure pain and if necessary become violent, but in the end there is the gruesome understanding of the wrong conception they had about society, religion, culture (for character in OConnors novel Wise Blood, the protagonist is a spiritually confused who in the end realizes that he was wrong in his conceptions).OConnors short stories describe again powerless people that can not fight against faith and are destined to suffer. Violence brings in certain characters from Pulp Fiction and OConnor characters the answer to all their wonders and frustrations.BibliographyPulp Fiction, Wikipedia The Free encyclopedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp _Fiction_%28film%29Flannery OConnor, Wikepedia The Free encyclopedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor

Disadvantages and Alternatives to Public Sector Strikes Essay

Strike rehabilitation occurs when employers hire or theatrical role individual to exercise the body of bat of employees on strike. In the United States, it is non unfair labor practice for employers to replace the striking workers with former(a)s in effort to carry on the play alongs business. Most other industrialized nations, however, do not allow ineradicable strike commutation. The United States is already unique among its trading partners in allowing changeless strike replacements and ban on changeless strike replacement would probably raise labor greet and harm international competiveness. For decades, employers contrive been permitted to hire permanent replacements for striking employees, Congressional action may change this situation, and however, any legislative changes on this get out will approximately apparent become a semipolitical hot potatoes for most member of congress or face a probable presidential veto. (Budd, J.W)But to maintain a balance of power among employees and employers, hiring permanent replacements is not allowed and The United States Congress should outlaw the use of permanent replacement workers during strikes and I would argue the followings workers investments, denigrate strategic air, encouragement of collective dicker, voice, Mackay ism, fictitious character of the law, employer has no real incentive to negotiate, Striker replacements, authorization or permissive contract, What if duologues fail and Italian model and Advantages, Disadvantages and Alternatives to Public Sector Strikes.I assert that the secern distinction that should be made in the law of batsman replacements is one based on the degree of firm specific investments made by the workers bear on in the strike. By focusing on that feature, the lawcould prevent the use of a strike or the hiring of permanent replacements as an opportunistic behavior weapon designed to expropriate the other partys rents. Although several proxies could poten tially be obtainable to the courts or the NLRB, there be no clear guidelines or definitions that facilitate such distinctions.Banning of replacement workers during strike would further the argument that if Congress make the decision of whether to hire striker replacements a mandatory issue of talk terms, pairings and employers could make the distinction amid firm-specific and superior general investments made by workers and thus enforce the contract so as to minimize strategic behavior.Outlawing strike replacement workers would support among the goals of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) which was the promotion and encouragement of collective bar profits. The sponsors of this Act viewed collective bargain as the means to promote a new labor policy without having to directly regulate the terms of the employment relationship. In enacting the NLRA, Congress rejected a more interventionist approach and opted instead for a system that emphasized the distinct roles of labor and management in which outcomes were to be determined by the cleverness of the parties to trim back economic pressure on all(prenominal) other done the negotiation process.Furthermore, it is somewhat ironic that among the several alternatives that have been progressive to deal with the striker replacements issue, in cases where replacement workers were used, there has been no vouch to use the collective bargaining process as a possible solution. But by incorporating the striker replacement decision into the bargaining process a non-zero-sum situation can be created which makes both parties better off, while at the same time advancing the NLRAs objectives of industrial peace and collective bargaining by protecting the exercise by workers of full freedom of association, self-organization, and designation of representatives of their own choosing, for the purpose of negotiating the terms and conditions of their employment or other mutual uphold or protection which is voice, and I contend that bargaining over the striker replacements issue creates a cooperative solution because in the cooperative game surmise of bargaining, the parties can both benefit by cooperating with each other.Banning Strike Replacement would further support Mackay doctrine to distinguish between opportunistic behavior by either the union or the employer, and behavior that is no opportunistic. Therefore, whatever modification object is introduced should be measured by its ability to redress this trouble of strike replacement. The United States Congress need to ban strike replacement because I would argue here that the law if passed is based on the assumption that through the negotiation process the parties themselves will be best able to resolve disputes concerning the hiring of striker replacements by making the necessary trade-offs and establishing rules that commit them to mutually enforce the contract. In the law and economics parlance, if someone values an asset more than its owner, whence there is scope for mutual gain by exchange. Though, under the Mackay approach to striker replacements, the decision to hire striker replacements is not amenable to resolution through the collective bargaining process because the rule makes bargaining over this decision in any case expensive for a union and makes it easy for an employer to behave opportunistically.Strike Replacement Ban by United States Congress if enacted should then focus on providing the meet framework in which negotiations or mutual exchange should meditate place. In this sense, the role of the law is threefold. First, the legal framework should allocate the initial sets or entitlements in a way that increases the likelihood of successful bargaining. Second, the law should seek to minimize the transaction costs associated with bargaining. Finally, the legal framework should provide adequate enforcement mechanisms for cases in which bargaining fails. However, bargaining situations characterized by zero transaction costs are rare. If there are no obstacles to exchanging legal entitlements, they will be allocated efficiently by secret agreement, so the initial allocation by the courts does not influence the efficiency of the final allocation and the assignment of property rights does not matter when the transaction costs are zero.By negotiating to an impasse and then hiring permanent replacements. The employer has no real incentive to negotiate over the striker replacement issue because any negotiation will by definition make the employer worseoff. Even if the union places a high value on protecting at least those employees that are subject to opportunistic behavior, and even if the union is willing to compromise on the protection of other (less-skilled) employees or on any other issue, no bargaining is likely to ever take in place under the Mackay rule. In this sense, and using the language of bargaining theory, the Mackay doctrine makes it less likely that bargaining wi ll take place and in that sense it is inefficient. It is necessary, therefore, that any reform proposal start by changing the initial allocation of rights, by granting union protection against the hiring of permanent striker replacements. On the other hand, giving unions protection against the hiring of permanent replacements, without anything more, will also result, as developed above, in the likelihood of opportunistic behavior by the union.Thus, if unions are allowed to strike, knowing that their members cannot be for good replaced, they will be free to engage in strikes and in that way negotiate more freely. Ban on Strike Replacement would more likely if making the striker replacement issue a mandatory subject of bargaining, therefore, providing this protection, will make it more costly for employers to force a strike in the hope of getting rid of the union. The employer will only be able to accomplish this by paying a fairly high price. Even though another means of union burst ing is closing operations. By making it a mandatory subject of bargaining, will minimize transaction costs by giving the union, the party which probably values this right the most, the opportunity to exchange the protection against permanent replacements for other bargaining demands they might value more highly. In this sense, the proposal facilitates bargaining by making more explicit the types of exchanges the union has to make.Striker replacements mandatory or permissive roll in the hay? The NLRA imposes on the employer and the union a duty to bargain in good faith. This duty requires the parties to bargain to impasse over mandatory issues. Permissive issues can be brought to the bargaining table, but neither party is required to bargain over them. But a question that is likely be raised by the proposal of banning strike replacement workers would be, is whether the duty to bargain over the decision to hire permanent. The rationale for arguing that unions will, as opposed to the employer, be more likely to bargain over thestriker replacement issue if given the initial legal entitlement, is based on the realities of the industrial relations process. First, the protection against striker replacement does not make the strike a risk free venture for the union. The adversity of doing without a paycheck and health insurance puts enormous pressure on the strikers to settle a dispute as soon as possible.Most American workers have no cushion, no money socked away to make nursing home payments and car payments, to buy food or to pay doctors bills. Second, unreasonable pressures or unwillingness to bargain over this issue could represent a matter of makeion for the union. Workers have no incentive to make demands that will throw their employers into bankruptcy or otherwise cause permanent economic harm to their employers. The worker, after all, is aquiline on the employers long-term economic health. Workers realize this, and this realization fundamentally modera tes worker demands. What is the scope of this duty For the purposes of my argument, to bargain collectively is the performance of the mutual pledge of the employer and the representative of the employees to meet at reasonable quantify and confer in good faith with respect to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment. The Supreme Court classified ad subjects of bargaining as mandatory, permissive, or illegal.Mandatory subjects are defined as those that regulate wages, hours, and other conditions of the relationship between employer and employees. Permissive issues are those dealing with subjects other than wages, hours, and working conditions. Replacements can be characterized as a mandatory issue of bargaining. I would contend that bargaining during contract negotiations over the utilization of striker replacements in the case of a strike should clearly be considered a mandatory topic. Although there do not appear to be any cases directly on point, the striker rep lacement issue could be considered a mandatory subject based on several grounds.First, like a no-strike provision, bargaining over the use of striker replacements involves a critical aspect of the relationship between the employer and the union, and should on these grounds be seen as a mandatory bargaining subject. Second, similar to work rules such as attendance and absenteeism policies, the striker replacements decision deals with the obligation of the employees to report to work under the employment contract. As such, they regulate an issue central to the day-by-day employer-employee relationship, and finally, making the strikerreplacements provision a mandatory issue of bargaining could be sup ported as a means of advancing the objectives of the NLRA in evading industrial conflict and what happens if all out negotiations fail.What if negotiations fail, it could be argued that if Congress by banning Strike Replacement will not, in practice, produce results any different than cou ld be accomplished by merely overruling the Mackay doctrine. Thus my contention could arguably say that bargain to impasse over the striker replacement issue, call a strike, and then behave opportunistically, because employers will not be allowed to replace economic strikers. I argue from both a practical and theoretical perspective that a reprobate dynamic will likely prevail. As discussed above, the bargaining process by distributing the initial allocation of rights in a way that is conducive to mutual gain exchange. talk terms over the striker replacement issue is not likely to occur under current law because employers are given the right to permanently replace strikers and the general issue is not clearly defined as a mandatory topic of bargaining. Thus, under the current scheme of things, there is to the highest degree no incentive for employers to bargain with respect to this issue.By overruling Mackay, while at the same time making the striker replacement issue a mandatory topic of bargaining, it increases the likelihood that the two parties will reach an agreement. The collective bargaining agreement between the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and the Olin Corporation, for example, provides The employees as well as the Union shall cross all picket lines for the performance of work which is indispensable to the maintenance of the Companys plant and equipment for standby operations.189 Similarly, the agreement between the Steelworkers and Harbison-Walker Refractories, provides that No strike or lockout shall occur at the establishment covered by this Agreement during the life of this Agreement, and continuous kilns shall be maintained at all times at a temperature which will result in no loss of ware or damage to the kilns, and periodic kilns under fire shall be burnt-out off.Pumping operations shall also be continued during any strike or work stoppage that may occur. These two labor contracts clearly indicate the ability of unions an d employers to, through the collective negotiations process, devise rules governing behavior in the event of, and during, strikes. An instructive example can also be found in late labor legislation enacted in Italy which regulates strike activity involving essential unexclusive service. Act 146 of the Italian Labor Code, enacted in 1990 follows the recent trend in Italian labor law towards consensual convention. It relies in part on collective bargaining as the means of regulating the impact of strikes on the provision of essential services.Indeed, collective bargaining agreements have proven to be the main source of strike regulation under the new Italian law. Agreements have been negotiated with respect to most of the so-called essential services covered under the Act. Bargaining has occurred at both the national and local levels, with local agreements being used as a means of tailoring the rules to the specific needs of the participants. For example, the national agreement cove ring urban and suburban transportation establishes the principle that during a strike, service must be guaranteed for six hours a day at peak times. The local agreements then specify the definition of peak times and indicate the number of employees required to guarantee the service, as well as the way of selecting those employees.The Italian experience demonstrates, albeit in a different setting, that bargaining is likely to occur on the issue of the regulation of strike activity when and if the proper legal framework and structure is provided to the parties. Although I am not advocating the adoption of the Italian model in the United States, I believe that it provides some hope that a negotiations approach to the striker replacement issue of the kind we have here could bring positive net results to unions, employees, employers, and the general ordinary.In sum, the striker replacement issue and the outlawing or legislative over ruling of the Mackay doctrine are highly controversial and command considerable attention. The issue is, as exemplified in the strike during the fall of 1993 at American Airlines, fraught with emotion, with one side decrying the union-busting hiring of scabs and the other pronouncing the right to hire permanent striker replacements as essential to the preservation of free enterprise and a free society. Though, economicefficiency of the Mackay doctrine as it currently operates, I would however, dispute the debate that the Mackay doctrine promotes economic efficiency.In particular, I content that employees that have made firm-specific investments are inefficiently vulnerable to an employers opportunistic behavior given the ability of employers to permanently replace such workers during a strike. To reform this situation I advocate (1) the repeal of the Mackay doctrine, thereby granting unions protection against the hiring of permanent replacements and (2) requiring that the issue of striker replacements be explicitly made a mandatory bar gaining subject under the NLRA, with any agreements regarding this issue clearly surviving contract expiration.With the 1990 Italian strike regulation legislative act serving as a general model, the idea is that the resolution of this controversial issue can be most efficiently accomplished through negotiations between the parties themselves. I highly recommend these proposed statutory reforms to Congress and others currently studying reforms of the NLRA. There are however, differences, advantages and disadvantages between private and prevalent sphere of influence strikes.(Budd, 2013) Prohibiting state-supported sector strikes is rooted in several traditional beliefs that striking against the government is an unacceptable nemesis to the supreme authority of the government, that public sector employee bargaining power is alike high there are no markets-based checks on their demand, and that government services are too critical to be interrupted.Advantages and Disadvantages to Pu blic Sector BargainingFrom the perspective of the public sector union and the workers they represent there can be seen a number of advantages and disadvantages to bargaining in an environment like the public sector.Advantages A a couple of(prenominal) of the advantages available to union bargaining representatives seem simplistic in spirit, but there is a decided advantage present. First of all, public sector employers do not have the option of relocating.One very important bargaining advantage possessed by public sector unions concerns the mopolistic nature of public services. Public sector labor can exert more pressure than can their private sector counterparts because there are generally few good substitutes available for public services, and any withholding of these services will immediately be felt by those depending upon the service. This increases the incentive for public employers and managers to settle with the union and avoid any action by the union which might result i n their having to face an angry public.In case of impasse and strikes occurs Advantages available to public sector unions and employees as a bargaining tool is the potential that a strike can have as a bargaining weapon in some ways the strike has the potential for being more formidable tactic for the public worker than for private sector unions. For many government services there are few good substitutes available for the service. When the service is denied by a public worker job action, then the public has few available alternatives to turn to in place of the service.The greater the inconveniences to the public brought about by the strike, the greater is the pressure up on the public employer to make concessions and end the work stoppage. Unions can also strikes in the public sector so that they occur when they are the most politically effective. This also increase the incentive for an early settlement. In short, the effectiveness of the public sector strike depends upon public op inion and consequent political pressure that would coerce management in the public sector to cede to the demands of labor.Disadvantages So far it may seem that labor has controlling advantages in terms of the public sector bargaining relationship, but some very definite disadvantages also face unions in the public sector. The political process and decision approval in the levels of benefits to public workers go through political process. Public managers have far less authority and flexibility in their decision making than do their private sector partners, and the decision making process may take place far away from the actual agency. Strikes in the public sector, labor relations, and the issue which is most controversial and elicits the most attention is the strike issue. In thepast, public sector workers have frequently resorted to the work stoppage in an attempt to exert pressure on public sector management. These workers actions have net with vary degrees of disfavor from publi c sector management, and have had mixed results as to being successful.There is an important economic implication of denying public employees the right to engage in a work stoppage. In order for the rights of public workers under collective bargaining to be upheld there must be some sort of cost or incentive for managers to bargain seriously. The public sector strike, however, has a few disadvantages which can keep it from being effective. While strikes in the private sector impose costs upon management by preventing the organizations operation, strikes in the public sector exert no economic pressure.However, there are alternatives to the strike, the strike has significant potential as a bargaining tool in the public sector, but the problems involved with the strike make it a very risky and aleatory tool to use. There are a number of alternatives to the strike that perform the same basic function as the strike weapon does, namely, that of protecting the right of public workers to b argain effectively. These alternatives also have the added advantage of protecting the rights of public sector employers as well as the general public. Such alternatives are not equal in effectiveness, however, and each possesses its own unique advantages and disadvantages over other types of dispute resolution.Fact Finding finding is used, the two parties to a dispute select a neutral third party to act to investigate the dispute and to submit recommendations as to the proper course of action. It is not the job of the fact watch to reach an agreement on the dispute. It is important to note that the fact finders report is advisory and not binding in nature. One or both of the parties to the dispute may reject the recommendations of the fact finder. The fact finders report, however, will become a part of the public record, and if one party has taken an unreasonable stance in bargaining this will soon become apparent to all. In public service industries sensitive to public opinion, t he threat of publication is particularly effective as an incentive to bargain in good faith. Another alternative is the mediator who acts as an advisor in bargaining to both parties, and uses his own persuasive influence and other techniques available to him to bring theparties to an agreement

Flowers

Beauty of a Flower We open fire complain because rose wine bushes bind thorns, or rejoice because thorn bushes choose roses. Abraham Lincoln most(prenominal) important living organism other than human creations ar animals and plants. Flowers and weeds have a huge role in life that they tend to play. Flowers and weeds argon completely different in which they explicate to reproduce or set come on to destroy. Knowingly that weeds also reproduce. Flowers argon known to be a brightly colored and conspicuous example of such a part of a plant together with its stalk essay writer service, typically used with others as a decoration or gift.While weeds are not competent of giving to matchless another as a gift or using them as decorations. weeds are normally known to be ill-advised plants growing where they are not wanted and are in competition with cultivated plants. Weeds are usually able to grow in grisly environments in which their soil has already been damaged. Reproducti on and growth of a new plant comes when the plant blossoms into the apricot of a flower. Weeds also have retort and growth, but are reproduced aggressively. Exploring the different factors of flowers and weeds is to know the attraction to a human, development, and its symbolic factor.Flowers are important than weeds because of how they are attracted to a living eye, the elbow room that they grow, and symbols and brandificances of flowers. A flowers beauty attracts the eyes, while the meanders travel towards human nasal. Being the complete opposite of weeds flowers have a unique scent and to each mortal Not only are humans attracted to the beauty of flowers, bees tend to be attracted because of the scent and its pollen that is produced. Flowers attract the bees because of the nectar guides that at times only bees and other insects can notice.But, not all flowers have an appealing scent of pollination that humans desire. Flowers usually pollinate during the night usually by bats and moths because they uniform the scent and usually white flowers. Bats and moths, but not all humans like the scent of these flowers neither, because they can either carry a pleasant or even resentful scent. Humans are attracted to flowers because of its color and unique form of petals and scents. Usually, flowers are receiven on special occasions or can be given as a sign of love for one person.Weeds usually do not attract the humans eye because they appear to damage the beauty of the flower. Weeds that grown out of control and are usually unwanted because of the fact they can spread pathogens to infect growth of plants. As flowers are being grown so are weeds in the same way, because once the seed is planted and begins to grow weeds follow the roots of the flower until they are treated. Neglecting the flowers will grow weeds to attack the flower. A weed is a random sort of handle that we put to certain plants that we do not like for any reason.Most weeds do not have a sense t o them because it is a pesticide that just grows on top of plants to destroy the beauty of the flowers blooming. Out of the both plants flowers have the beauty that humans are looking for. Flowers start off from buds to grow into a beautiful flower. Comparing flowers and weeds as they develop have another noticeable difference. To produce a flower, usually seeds are planted within the soil while watered after to blossom. As time goes by and watering of the seeds under the soil, the flowers begin to grow.The first sign of the flower you will see the leaves of the flowers growing as days pass by. Once the majority of the leaves and stems grow the flowers bud begins to blossom into the beauty of the flower it is. Not all flowers bloom within one day, because it takes time for the flower to develop into its beauty. Weeds grow for one reason only, because of the nutrients that are needed for plants. Weeds do not normally grow in large mass they just grow in where the nutrients of their ineluctably are. Weeds usually tend to steal crops moisture, sunlight, and nutrients.But, farmers claim that they only borrow the three aspects that are needed and return for future crop usage. Weeds are not given the preservation that has been given to the domestic crops from insects, disease, and other adverse growing conditions, causing weeds, or wild plants, to conserve strength. Weeds hardly depart damaged by insects or even any type of diseases. Mostly all flowers have different symbols and significances. Red roses are given in sign of love, beauty, and passion. Poppies are given for commiserations of a death and irises are a symbol of giving a life back during a burial.Daises have been the significance of innocence. Most weeds do not have symbols except for the fact that they are only growing to kill existing beautiful plants. Weeds can exemplify the damage that they have against flowers and its beauty. Weeds also tend to grow in river banks, deltas, and other areas that h ave soil shifting. There is no significance of weeds because they are usually grown with no intentions of being given as a gift or a sign of love to a significant other. Weeds do not have the look of love that is wanted by your loved one.It does not catch the human eye either, because it usually is a messy plant that has no scent to itself either. No matter of who the person is, it all matters if the flower has the right look. There are many different types of flowers and it all depends on that one person to choose which the one that they prefer. Flowers are usually the ones that are often looked at because of its outer beauty. Most of the flowers have a beauty opinion on the outside. Looking at weeds, which are hardly looked at unless they are destroying the beauty of a flower and needs removal.Nobody will ever pick weeds over flowers because flowers have a finer quality than weeds. It is better to choose flowers over weeds because of their scent, outer beauty, and symbolic reaso ning of that flower. Flowers and weeds differ because flowers give a warm loving feeling inside when a woman has received them. Weeds give women a shattered feeling within as she watches her flowers become destroyed. What is a weed? I have heard it said that there are sixty definitions. For me, a weed is a plant out of place. Donald Culross Peattie

Partnership Care Nursing: A review of two Peer-reviewed Journals on Care Nursing

IntroductionThe concept of teamwork in health and kindly take has a vast literature. For instance, a policy developed by the Department of Health in 2007 mainly focused on eradicating inequalities in health do provision through partnership on the job(p) between primary reverence providers and opposite social care agencies. Todays healthcare service status demands teamwork, which is particularly true for hold ups who have to deal with multiple of factors during their professional service provision. On the kindred breadth is the increased call for more affected roles involvement in their health, including on the right to make conclusiveness and seek legal support on the basis of their health. In other words, of all timey patient receiving healthcare services, including nursing service is entitled to be actively involved in their take care. The philosophy screwing partnership working in nursing is based on several concepts and principles empowerment, autonomy & rights, po wer-sharing, information sharing, respect, qualification informed choices, and paternalism. The aim of this paper is to analyse ideas from dickens different articles by different authors on the division of nursing, particularly on the partnership working in nursing.DiscussionsArticle I longanimous participation in nursing care towards a concept clarification from a nurse steadIn their study, Patient participation in nursing care towards a concept clarification from a nurse perspective Sahlsten et al. (2007) explored the evolution of patient participation, a concept that has not only gained significant transformation overtime, but similarly brought with it more challenges on definitions and dimensions of patient participation. The authors used focus group interviews to collect data, conducting open interviews on the selected vii groups. mend the data gathering took five months to accomplish, the researchers were able to uncover the respondents perspectives in depth. While th e focus group interviews may have mainly focused on the meaning and implementation of patient participation in line with the studys aim, the results can clearly reveal what nurses value just about in terms of patient participation. Respondents rated equal partners participation, co-operation, and shared responsibility as the most significant factors in comparative nursing (Sahlsten et al., 2007, pp. 635-636).While the aim of the study was to explore the meaning of patient participation in the nursing care from a nurse perspective (Sahlsten et al., 2007, p.632), the review of other authors works reveals a embarrassment of issues in the nursing care and partnership working. The nurse-patient relationship is considered successful when both parties view each other as partners, with the nurse required to use professionalism, knowledge and dogmatic ideas in the implementation of nursing care plan. Patient, on the other hand, is expected to have the intellectual ability to understand and make the right choices with wish to their own nursing care. The authors, however, faults the incongruence relationship between studies conducted in relation to patient participation on atomic number 53 side and definitions, elements and processes in literature and come on the other side. Although there are a quid of empirical literature on nursing theories and patient participation, the authors claim that no empirically grounded theory has ever been established, calling for significant insight into more studies related to the concept of patient participation in their own nursing care. The authors claim that the traditional approach where patients were mere recipient of nursing care has changed, and subsequently replaced by the more active patients who are directly involved in their own care. More importantly, patients participation patently means the opportunity for them to participate in their own care, with regular adjustment as the situation may demand.Article II The rel ational marrow of nursing practice as partnershipJonsdottir, Litchfield and Pharris (2004), while exploring the relational core of nursing practice as partnership, focused their analysis on the evolving relational core of nursing care in the backdrop of increased technology use and outcome-oriented approaches. The three authors, unlike their antecedently outlined counterparts, only focused on critical review of the available literature, espousing the role of evolving dialogue between nurse and patient in terms of partnership nursing and care. While technology is considered in the positive side in terms of medical breakthroughs, experts and general observers alike have associated it with distraction in health care services that need personalised attention including nursing (Jonsdottir, Litchfield and Pharris, 2004, p.241). In retrospect, the authors claim that the distracted advanced nurse sees patient as a problem rather than partner to be attended to, consequently obscuring the humanness of nursing experience.To emphasise on the need to correct the deteriorating relational nursing concept in the perspective of partnership, Jonsdottir, Litchfield and Pharris (2004) outline and analyse various research studies that backs the need for nurses to be real partners through presence, care, and attentiveness in every stage of care nursing. The authors categorically state that the patients need medical treatment as priority, but emphasis should also be given to proven holistic approaches to care nursing, which studies have revealed to be equally significant in the overall healthcare. The focus on holistic care nursing should hence be based on dialogue between nurses and patients, for example, where the former should be in a linear perspective to explain to the latter(prenominal) why a certain procedure or activity is necessary in the process of care nursing.ConclusionWhile the two set of authors had different approaches to their respective work, both articles exe mplifies consonance in terms of the need for partnership care nursing. One may, however, notice that the former article generally referred to partnership in the perspective of increased patient participation in own care nursing. The latter article mainly focused on partnership as a dialogue between nurse and patient. It is prudent to state that the former authors focus on patient elevation is largely due to historic background of healthcare service provision that pushed patients to the periphery of their own health. N anetheless, the difference in semantics and approach notwithstanding, the two sets of authors agree that both patients and nurses need to collaborate, and view each other as partners rather than either one party feeling superior to one another. After all, it is common knowledge in the health care cycle that post-modern health and social care services requires more than the post-wars one-size-fits-all approach that dominated the universal proposition health care serv ice provision more than fifty decades ago. ReferencesJonsdottir, H., Litchfield, M. and Pharris, M.D. 2004. The relational core of nursing practice aspartnership. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 47(3), 241-250.Sahlsten M.J., Larson I.E., Sjostrom B., Lindencrona, C.S. and Ploskae. 2007. Patientsparticipation in nursing care towards a concept clarification from a nurse perspective. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 630-637.

Orion Shield Project Case Essay

In this paper, The huntsman screen job is critic tot every last(predicate)yy skunkvass to determine how effective the lying-in manager, Mr. Gary Allison, is in operating as leader. Specific aloney, the paper foc utilises on what technical, honourable, legal, contr positive, and other managerial issues plague the success of The huntsman racing shell Project. The paper attempts to psychoanalyze these issues by first introducing the reader to downplay nigh the flip, and then moving into a deeper discussion of every one of the previously mentioned issues. Due to the individuals he act ass with and the differing situations he is placed, Mr. Allison must process difficult decisions at every corner. aft(prenominal) examining the catch, it is frame that Mr. Allison drop ameliorate his responses to these issues by accounting for the complexities of dealing with applied science, becoming more solid in his estimable stance, concord law and vexs and how they cerebrate to the travail, and connecting better with his team up.IntroductionThere be legion(predicate) nuances to project management which can negatively affect a manager or project. The huntsman harbour Project exemplifies why fit management is integral to any successful project. The project is a venture that NASA is promoting in order to improve the structural capabilities of the Shuttle sling Booster. The prime campaignor that NASA is using for this project is the Space Technologies Institute (STI), who ramble out a request for suggestion (RFP) for a sub come downor to help with this project. south won the bid to frame the subcontractor on this project, and the Director of Engineering, Mr. Henry Larsen, appointed Mr. Gary Allison as the project manager (The hunting watch Shield Project, 2003). As The Orion Shield Project advances, many issues a rhytidoplasty which forces Mr. Allison to make difficult decisions. In this paper, I forget searingly analyze the issues Mr. Allison f aces while managing The Orion Shield Project. In critically examining the instruction The Orion Shield Project is hand direct, I go forth touch on the technical,ethical, legal, contractual, and other management issues faced by Mr. Allison and analyze both his positive and negative actions in an effort to gain a better understanding of how project management plays a role in the outcome of this project.Technical IssuesThe Orion Shield Project gives rise to many technical issues which Mr. Allison has to navigate as he manages the project. The technical issues that specifically alter the integrity of the project atomic number 18 incapable factors and a poorly headinged seek matrix. Incapable components present issues all throughout the project, with the most glaring problems occurring in the beginning and end of the project. The authorized technical specification that STI listed in their RFP was that all components must be able to operate efficiently between temperature ranges o f -65 degrees F to 145 degrees F (The Orion Shield Project, 2003). This was an issue for the mo project because testing within the company shows that their on-line(prenominal) component design would non function above 130 degrees F, and that the requirements would not be able to be met without different materials (The Orion Shield Project, 2003). This throws an issue for a bevy of reasons, including throwing off the timeline, the amount of resources used, and commitments to stakeholders.While performing final tests on the component as the project was coming to a close it was found that the ingathering was again not up to the specifications requested in the RFP. The purpose of The Orion Shield Project was to get the Shuttle Launch Booster to support an age life of at least 9 years, and after testing it was found that the age life would most likely be less than 5 years. This is actually less than what the schoolmaster component NASA was using lasted, which was 6 years (The Orion Shield Project, 2003). Both of these points in the project are technical issues Mr. Allison is responsible for overcoming as project manager of The Orion Shield Project.In addition to the same technical issues, Mr. Allison also deals with a test matrix in the technical volume of the proposal which will not produce acceptable results. The test matrix is an effective way of recording the coverage of the ambit delivered (Boyde, 2012, p. 701). Fromthis matrix, you should be able to tell what has been implemented, what has yet to be implemented, and what was determined to be out of scope for the current milestone release (Boyde, 2012, p. 701). Realizing the importance of the test matrix, Mr. Allison echoes his concern to his Chief Project Engineer Ms. Paula Arnold, who warned him around changing the test matrix and scope of the reach. This would in turn affect the apostrophize of the project which is not executable due to the nature of the contract that minute is working under.I nstead of addressing this issue up front and difficult to find a way to trim some work off downstream to keep the calculate manageable, Mr. Allison pushes on for three more weeks until the test matrix and research results are ultimately deemed unacceptable. This puts Mr. Allison and his team in a deeper hole and extends their timeline, while also projecting a sense of disarray when meeting with their stakeholders. In analyzing this project, it seems that the technical issues Mr. Allison was faced with while managing The Orion Shield Project amounted to three major sources, technology interdependence, technology novelty, and external factors. Technology interdependence refers to requirement of different expertise to perfect a final product (Hussein, Pigagaite & Silva, 2014, p. 706). One of the difficult duties that comes with managing is understanding how different elements of a project interact with each other, and how to get the elements to work together in an efficient manner. I f Mr. Allison got better with technology interdependencies, he would waste been able to establish a more effective test matrix.Technology novelty is one of the biggest culprits for the technical issues Mr. Allison faced in The Orion Shield Project. Technology novelty refers to the idea that no matter how much planning you do beforehand, when you call together a final product or level off a part of it testing will evermore reveal problems (Hussein, Pihahaite & Silva, 2014, p. 706). In production, you should eer assume that something can, and will go wrong. In reading The Orion Shield Project case, its glares out that Mr. Allison does not make believe a contingency plan built it, and did not pass on himself enough time to tinker with the project to get it right. This in turn led to a cluster of sleepless, stressful nights and still an insufficient, unacceptable product and project.The final sources of technical issues which are found to be germane(predicate) to Mr. Allisons management case are external factors. Factors such as pressure from Mr. Larsen to force SEC into The Orion Shield Project and pressure from Ms. Sarah Wilson, a representative from STI, to stick to the schedule SEC proposed, led to many of the poor technical decisions Mr. Allison makes. Mr. Larsens pressure on The Orion Shield Project leads to Mr. Allison qualification false promises and trying to cover his traces throughout the entire project. This in turn leads to a strained human relationship with Ms. Wilson, who pushes Mr. Allison to take on more of an administrative role, instead of the research focused redact he prefers. In the end, Mr. Allison could have mitigated all of the external issues by brinytaining a strict ethical code in his actions, which delves into the ethical issues he faces in managing this project.Ethical IssuesOut of all the issues presented in The Orion Shield Project, the ethical issues seem to be the most devastating to the success of the project. The s pecific moments in which ethical issues arise all seem to occur within some attribute of interaction with Mr. Larsen. The first and most important of which occurs when Mr. Allison raises concerns with Mr. Larsen about the specifications that STI put out for the components. Mr. Larsens response to this concern was to lie to STI and express in the proposal that SEC had the capabilities to make a component that would go above and beyond the specifications required. Specifically, Mr. Larsen advocated that Mr. Allison say that SEC had a component design that would operate at up to 155 degrees F in hopes of later cornering STI into accepting the actual specifications that the SEC component could handle.Deceiving a partner about what you can provide them just to earn a contract or project is unethical on many levels. In an article written by Dr. Thomas Mengel (2006), communication between project stakeholders and project management is found to be extremely important. The article goes fur ther to say that project managers need to comprehensively determine the impact of any decision to be made (Mengel, 2006, p. 230). Mr. Allison did not think this situation with Mr. Larsen all the way through, and because of that not only did technical issues arise, further an ethical one as well. An ethical issue which Mr. Allison also has to deal with is the testing of new materials without his knowledge. After Ms. Wilson met with Mr. Allison and displayed her angst with how the administrative side of the project was going, Mr. Allison focuses more of his time and effort with the administrative tasks.This gives Mr. Larsen time to move in and work with Ms. Arnold on a new material, using more STI money in the process when the contract and Ms. Wilson specifically state that SEC would bear all costs of additional research beyond the original scope of work (The Orion Shield Project, 2003). It is understandable that Mr. Larsen is Mr. Allisons boss and he does not always need to tell him what he is doing, but with a venture as big as this and with Mr. Allison be the project manager and the one ultimately responsible for results, it seems ethical to discuss these major decisions. One way Mr. Allison could have addressed this issue could have occurred before agreeing to accept this position and project. While Mr. Larsen was originally describing the position to Mr. Allison, Mr. Allison could have requested to include ethic checks in decision making processes and to define a pronounce process and mutually agreeable criteria for ethical decision making (Mengel, 2006, p. 231).This would help Mr. Allison set parameters around his interactions with Mr. Larsen. He could then use these well-defined parameters as a basis to disagree with an action or even refuse an action Mr. Larsen proposes if unethical. In failing to do so, Mr. Allison allows these unethical procedures to ultimately fall on his shoulders. An ethical issue which falls directly on the shoulders of Mr. Allis on occurs when he withholds information from upper management about the poor age life of the component near the end of the project. The ethical dilemma is clear here and could have far reaching damages for both SEC and STI. Mr. Allison should have told upper management as soon as testing shows the shorter age life of the component. No matter how difficult it is, maintaining an ethical code is inbred to the proper management of not only projects but organizations as well.Legal & Contractual IssuesThe Orion Shield Project exposes SEC to a variety of legal issues, some coming from managements own unethical actions and many more coming fromcontractual complications. The initial legal issue that arises from The Orion Shield Project occurs when SEC responds to the RFP issued by STI. When Mr. Larsen requests for Mr. Allison to make the proposal reflect that SECs component can operate at up to 155 degrees F, when in actuality it cannot operate above 130 degrees F, SEC spoiles the RFP co ntract. At first regard you may not think a RFP is legally binding, but according to legal precedent it is. In the 1981 case of R. (Ontario) V. Ron Engineering, it was found that RFPs are part of a two part contract, and that they are the program line portion of the contract. What this means is that once a proposal is presented in response to a RFP, both sides are now legally tied to the contract and must abide by the terms stipulated in that proposal (The Legal Implications, 2012). In providing false promises in their proposal, Mr. Allison and SEC open themselves up to sanctions and being sued.Mr. Allison and SEC also open themselves up for legal action when they breach the firm-fixed-price (FFP) contract they agreed to with STI. As defined by Charles Russell Jr. and Susan Moser (2009) in Firm-Fixed-Price Contracting The time and Materials Requirements Dilemma, a FFP is a completion contract, which means that profit or fee is earned by the delivery of end items (p.46). FFPs also carry fixed prices and draw little room for adjustments as the project moves along. The fixed price and the need to make adjustments as the project went along are what opened SEC up to legal action. Ms. Wilson from STI specifically mentioned that after the first test matrix failed and a new one was developed, all additional research and development would be at the expense of SEC. But, when Mr. Larsen and Ms. Arnold began developing the new material for the component they used STI funding for it. This again was a breach of contract, and by not addressing this issue Mr. Allison left SEC vulnerable to being dropped from the contract and sued for the wrong use of project funding.One way Mr. Allison could have avoided this situation would be to push for a different type of contract from STI for The Orion Shield Project. In an article written by Frank Kendall (2013) on the uses of FFP contracts, the circumscribe nature of the contract is described in great detail. Kendall describes how FFP contracts tend to restrict flexibility as contractors elate more about what is feasible and affordable as well as what needs to be through with(p) to achieve a design that meets requirements during a products design and testing phases (Kendall, 2013, p. 2). Mr. Allison experiences this dilemma all too much as he runs The Orion Shield Project. A FFP contract was the perfect contract for STI FFP contracts offer the lowest risk to the buyer due to the fact that it is not subject to any cost adjustments resulting from contractors carrying out the project (Russell Jr. & Moser, 2009, p.47).Instead of agreeing to such a rigid contract when you know your component will need multiple tests to meet specifications, SEC and Mr. Allison should have instead pushed for a more limber contract like a time-and-materials (T&M) contract. A time and materials contract can be used when the duration, expiration of effort, and costs associated with a project are generally unknown up front (Russell J r. & Moser, 2009, p. 47). This contract would be more beneficial to SEC and Mr. Allison specifically when he changes the test matrix, and has to find new materials and fetch more costs to complete the project. In the end, Mr. Allison mishandles many issues which leave himself and SEC vulnerable to legal action, fortunately no such action occurs.Other Management IssuesSeparate from the main issues discussed earlier in this paper, at that place are also other, more managerial issues. The two other management issues that are present in The Orion Shield Project are staffing concerns and employee motivation. Mr. Allisons first dilemma while working The Orion Shield Project is finding the staff he wants to help him with the venture. He is not given communicate priority in picking his staff, which make it difficult to get the key people necessary to encounter a smoothly run project. Many managers do not want to give up their main people, but with the help of Mr. Larsen he finds an ade quate staff to fill in (The Orion Shield Project, 2003). This puts Mr. Allison in a dilemma because he does not have the option of working with the people he feels most comfortable with. Being uncomfortable while leading a project can do vigour but have negative effects on results. This also leads to Mr. Allison putting the burden of doing most of the work on his self, instead of leveraging his team better. Since this is a situation most project managers will have to deal with on their first project, Mr.Allison could have done a better job utilizing his staff to create more positive project results.As The Orion Shield Project progresses, many of the members of the project team lose motivation to work on the project. The lack of team motivation came from the teams dissipating trust in Mr. Allison and the plans they were told would be final. Also, a lack of communication leads to heightened tension between the team. As Dorothy Ann Brenner (2007) points out in a new-made article, com munication, no matter what the form, helps with team chemistry and gives them a clearer idea of their roles and what is expected of them so they understand their goals, as well as the teams overall goal for a successful project (p.19). Mr. Allisons lack of communication with his team leads to certain members feeling out of the loop and disappointed with the direction of the project. In order for the Orion Shield Project to have even had a chance of working effectively, Mr. Allison has to trip his project team so they will give their best effort and work (Brenner, 2007, p. 16).ConclusionAs The Orion Shield Project progressed from the initial proposal to the final testing, issues seemed to arise around every corner. Mr. Allison had to make serious decisions at every level of the project and unfortunately many of those decisions were the wrong ones. Mr. Allison made critical mistakes when faced with technical, ethical, legal, contractual, and other managerial issues. After analyzing T he Orion Shield Project case, findings show that Mr. Allison could improve his responses to these issues by accounting for the complexities of dealing with technology, becoming more solid in his ethical stance, understanding law and contracts and how they relate to the project, and connecting better with his team. In conclusion, Mr. Allison did not perform well in his first opportunity to operate as project manager, but, with a few tweaks to his approach, he could excel if he ever wanted that opportunity again.ReferencesBoyde, J. (2012). A down-to-earth guide to SDLC project management getting your system development life cycle project successfully accross the line using PMBOK in an adaptive way. S.l. CreateSpace Independent Pub. Platform.Brenner, D. A. (2007). Achieving a succesful project by cause the project team. Cost Engineering, 49(5), 16-20. Retrieved from http//eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.umuc.eduHussein, B. A., Pigagaite, G., & Silva, P. P. (2014). Identifying and dealing with complexities in new product and process development projects. Procedia Social and behavioral Sciences , doi 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.078Kendall, F. (2013). Use of fixed-price incentive firm (fpif) contracts in development and production. Defense AT&L, 42(2), Retrieved from http//eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.umuc.eduLegal Implications of effect RFP. (2012, January 1). Rss. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from https//www.winwithoutpitching.com/legal-implications-of-issuing-rfpMengel, T. (2006). Project management ethics Responsibility, values, and ethics in project environments. AMA Handbook of Project Management, 227-235. Retrieved from http//eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=1ba019be-81fb-4f39-8ccd-06cfe83e33b1sessionmgr114&vid=5&hid=107R. (Ont.) v. Ron Engineering, (1981) 1 S.C.R. 111. Retrieved from http//scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2504/index.doRussell Jr., C. A., & Moser, S. J. (2009). Firm-fixed-price contracting The time and materia ls requirement dilemma. Contract Management, 49(8), 44-49. Retrieved from http//eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.umuc.eduThe Orion Shield Project HOME. (2003, January 1). The Orion Shield Project