Get Prepared My Speech Essay Example for Free

Get Prepared My Speech EssayRegarding our introduction speech as my first formal one in front of the class, I felt so awkward that I forgot every details which we should pay attention to. outgrowth is the Eye Contact. There was a kind of hook that I cant control myself from moving my sights out of the back row, where our professor sat. The second address part is Vocal Pause which was my most serious issue during all the speech. Words just went out of my mind since I wrote my name on the board. I was a little unaware when my name was called on the second because I preferred the third place so that I got enough time to chill out down and organized sentences. Every preparation I did was showing randomly in my head. For example, my personal considerations on how tough will a military committee be had appeared first rather than an interesting getter. Some details I added to make a rich description became a simple word, not including close to parts I even forgot to say.The last i ssue is about Body language that it may help audiences to know where the person in the speech is. Thanked for the out railway lines makeup so that I knew where I should put my hands on. I was easily lost my minds but caught up on time by fingering which line I would read next. By recollecting fragments of my speech, I keep telling myself it would be better if I performed in that way. An interesting beginning, more eye contacts or little pause while I was expressing. All the problems I mentioned above is because I didnt realize there was more nervousness than I expected. In other words, I didnt rehearse enough to conquer that as Ronald B. and George states, A smooth and natural delivery is the result of extensive practice. Get to know your physical until you feel comfortable with your presentation (page 342).After switched to a listener, contents were not the only part that attracted me but how different they performed from mine. By observing their moves, their body languages wer e abruptly coordinated with the rhythm of presentations. It became a talk like he or she was introducing a friend of his or her to you instead of reading a research paper. virtually the cadence they spoke, the variable tone caught my attention all the time and I couldnt wait to know what was on the next.I confessed that I am the discriminating listener who responds only to the parts of a speakers remarks that interested me. With those changing tones and plentiful body languages, the contents were easily understood and appealing. I am very pleased to be enrolled in this class to figure out what is my weakness and how I can beat them to be a qualified speaker. whole kit and caboodle CitiedAdler, Ronald B. and Rodman, George. Understanding Human Communication with Carrie Cropley Hutchinson, 11th edition. Print.

Counterstereotype Essay Example for Free

Counterstereotype EssayStereotypes are so prevalent in our everyday lives that people have ont unconstipated cause that they are making racist comments. They are so use to making these comments in their own inner circles, that they dont even realize how bad they can be outside of their circle. Stereotypes affect peoples social lives, emotions, and how people interact with their environment. Stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination are known to be related to but having different concepts.Stereotypes are regarded as the most cognitive component, prejudice as the affective and discrimination as the behavioural component of prejudicial reactions. That sparse pause in the processing of a stereotype gives conscious, unprejudiced beliefs a chance to take over. With time, the tendency to prevent automatic stereotyping may itself become automatic. chivalric studies have shown that people perform poorly in situations where they feel they are being assort. Are there lingering effe cts of prejudice?Does being stereotyped have an impact beyond the moment when stereotyping happens? Stereotypes have an enormous impact of how we feel. It affects peoples social lives, emotions, and how people interact with their environment. Regarding the quote, If you prick us, do we non bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? From The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare, even after a soul leaves a situation where they faced negative stereotypes, the effects of coping with that situation remain.People are more likely to be aggressive after theyve faced prejudice in a given situation. They are more likely to exhibit a lack of self-control. They have move making good, rational decisions and are more likely to over-indulge on unhealthy foods. These days people are afraid to be themselves, because they fear other people. They dont want people to think something bad for them. Secrets, thoughts, and ideas, are all held down. Stereotypes can be an obstacle as to how open you are with people and how you bring about people feel when you are with them.Instead of focusing on all the mistakes of each person, we should start paying more attention of how unique each person is. Stereotype causes people to feel lonely and even sometimes depressed. Its also harmful for their environment and their social life. We should keep stereotypes out of the picture, even though sometimes we can be victims ourselves. The study of culture may someday tell us where the seeds of prejudice originated for now, the study of the unconscious shows us just how deep theyre planted.

The Potassium Atom Philosophy Essay

The Potassium Atom Philosophy EssayThe Potassium piece is a member of the group wholeness family of alkali metals. Due to the fact that group one metals sire only one negatron in their out fount, means that potassium is an extremely reactive and electropositive instalment. A gentleman get wordd Sir Humphrey Davy was the first to isolate this agent in the year 1807 through the electrolysis of immensely ironic molten caustic potash, otherwise known as Potassium Hydroxide (KOH). Its named after the the old Dutch word potaschen meaning potash. Its symbol on the hebdomadal table is the letter K which stands for the Latin word kalium also meaning pot ash.When designing the electron hail of Potassium, we can refer to its subatomic particleic tot on the periodic table as shown in the following diagramhttp//exchangedownloads.smarttech.com/public/content/e4/e4296d16-d0f9-4787-bb8a-0695e616c828/previews/sm only/0001.png atomic numberGraphic taken from exchange.smarttech.comThe atomic number willing always display the figure of positively placed protons in an atom. The number of protons within the nucleus of an atom will always bring in an equal number of negatively charge upd electrons. Potassium has an atomic number of 19 which means it has 19 protons that atomic number 18 attracting 19 negatively charged electrons in its neutral responsibility.Strontium ionThe Strontium atom which has lost 2 electrons is known as a Strontium ion. Strontium is a member of the group 2 alkaline earth metals. Having only deuce electrons in its outer shell, Strontium is highly reactive like all other group 2 metals. This element was discovered in Scotland by a gentleman named Adair Crawford in the year 1790 as the mineral strontianite. It was given its name after the Scottish village Strontian in which it was nominate in. However, in the year 1808, Sir Humphrey Davy was first to isolate Strontium on its own through the process of electrolysis. This comprised a mixtu re of mercuric oxide (HgO) and strontium chloride (SrCl2).When calculating the electron number of the Strontium ion, we can refer to the atomic number of the Strontium atom as shown on the periodic table.Atomic numberhttp//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTh8Q_XgZHS23iyIAsk1w9tJ-oRnslYnF6uVBLk2hNksebU7BKYGraphic taken from www.glogster.comglogster.com glogster.comWe can see from the diagram above that the atomic number of Strontium is 38. This represents 38 positively charged protons in the nucleus that atomic number 18 attracting 38 negatively charged electrons in its neutral state.Strontium has 2 valence electrons in its outermost shell. The Strontium ion has a 2+ charge (Sr2+) which means it has lost two of its valence electrons. It is much easier for Strontium to lose these 2 electrons in order to achieve a noble gas state than it would be for it to gain 6 electrons to fill an octet form.By subtracting 2 electrons from the electron number of Strontium (38), we be now able to calculate the Strontium ion as having an electron number of 36.Francium atomThe Francium atom was discovered in France by a lady named Marguerite Pere in the year 1939 who named the element after her country. The element is extremely radioactive and is a member of the Group 1 alkali metals, having only one valence electron in its outer shell. Francium (Fr) is a positively charged element and is willing to lose its outermost electron to achieve its noble gas state, otherwise known as a cation.Atomic numberhttps//www.store.acs.org/eweb/images/ACSStore/PT6498_thumb.jpgGraphic taken from www.store.acs.orgBy referring to the periodic table, one is able to see that a neutrally charged Francium atom (Fr) has an atomic number of 87. This means that it has 87 positively charged protons in the nucleus which will attract 87 negatively charged electrons.Bromide ionThe Bromine atom which has gained an electron is known as a Bromine ion. It was discovered in France by a gentleman named Antoine J Balard in the year 1826. Bromine has a particularly unpleasant flavour and was therefore named after the Greek word bromos meaning stench. It is a member of the group 17 family of Halogens which atomic number 18 incredibly reactive, non-metal elements. Bromine, including all other elements in this group, will borrow an electron to complete its octet configuration.Atomic numberAtomic numberhttp//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcS8QR1k8J5qhYBNWA25hCmFuCcgoWd-FetYIcmXlaFV1J8v7qz6FCLyBAWe can see from the diagram above that the atomic number of a neutrally charged Bromine atom is 35. This shows that there are 35 positively charged protons inside the nucleus which will therefore attract 35 negatively charged electrons.Bromine has 7 valence electrons in its outermost shell. This gives the Bromide ion a -1 charge (Br -1) because it has only needed to gain 1 valence electron to get an octet configuration. It is easier for Bromine to gain one electron in order to achieve a noble gas state than it would be for it to lose 7 electrons to achieve the like result. This is why Bromine is considered to be an anion.If we add the extra one electron gained by Bromine, to its electron number of 35, we will then retain the electron number for the Bromide ion which will be 36..The Mass Spectrometer is a device designed especially to separate ions via a stilt to charge ratio. It deflects and detects ions and can record their intensities. A typical device is comprised of trinity main parts. These parts are the ion source, a mass analyser and a detector. Once the hint within a sample has been broken down into a gaseous state, the atoms of the sample go through a further 4 main stages. These stages are called ionisation ( the production of positively charged ions), acceleration (positively charged ions accelerated by an electric field), deflection (positively charged ions are deflected in proportion to their mass/charge ratio) and finally the detection stage (positive ions of a particular mass/charge ratio are detected).1.2EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF ATOMIC ORBITAL, AND DESCRIBE THE DISTRIBUTION, SHAPES AND sexual intercourse ENERGY OF ELECTRON ORBITALS WITHIN THE FIRST FOUR SHELLS.Explain what you understand by the term atomic orbital. Describe the distribution, shapes and relative naught of atomic orbitals found within the first four shells in terms of the s, p, d and f orbitalsAn atomic orbital refers to the region of space where there is a high probability of finding an electron. It describes the movement of a single electron or a pair of electrons within the atom.Each atom is comprised of its main electron shells (hydrogen having only one main electron shell). These shells are known as quantum directs and can be broken down into sub goose egg level shells. The sub energy level shells can then be broken down into orbitals. Each main quantum level (identified as the K, L, M, N shells), consists of one or more sub shells. The K quantum level has only on e Sub shell (S sub shell). The L quantum level has two sub shells (S and P sub shells). The M quantum level has tether sub shells (S, P and D sub shells) and the N quantum level has 4 subshells (S, P, D and F sub shells).Each electron has a negative charge which means that they repel one another. Due to this repulsion, energy from these electrons is then separated into divergent orbitals found around the nucleus. An atomic orbital can suck up to 2 electrons with opposing turn of eventss. The S sub shell has 1 orbital and can hold up to 2 electrons. The P sub shell has 3 orbitals and can hold up to 6 electrons. The D sub shell has 5 orbitals and can hold up to 10 electrons and the F sub shell has 7 orbitals, holding up to 14 electrons.Electrons can behave as a particle and as a undulation and this makes it im workable to accurately bound a pathway for an electron orbital. Werner Heisenberg was a theoretical physicist who developed The Heisenberg uncertainty principle in 1927. T he Uncertainty prescript was to describe the impossibility of knowing twain the identify of an electron and the velocity of an electron simultaneously. Louis de Broglie was a French physicist who thought that allthing which had a mass will also behave like a wave. However, it didnt seem as though objects with mass such as basket balls and people, actually had any wave properties at all. This is because the wave property is inversely relative to the mass, so an object with a very tiny mass like an electron will have a very significant wave property. In 1927 an Austrian physicist name Erwin Schrodinger defined what an electron was doing inside of an atom based on it being a wave and not as a particle. He formulated The Schrdinger equation (H = E). The equation allowed one to obtain a set of mathematical equations known as wave functions () and by knowing these wave functions one could describe the probable location and velocity of an electron at a certain energy level within the atom. From the equation, four quantum total were derived. These numbers are used to pin point the probable location of an electron and describe the orbital it is occupying. It is rather like a postal code, even though it doesnt give its precise location, it does provide one with an electrons general location in space. The 4 quantum numbers correspond to the principle quantum level number (n) which can be any whole number from 1-7, the subshell quantum number (l) which can be any integer from 0 to n-1, the orbital quantum number (ml) which has integral values between 1, 0, -1 and the electron spin quantum number (ms) which has two possible values of +1/2 and -1/2. By referring to these 4 numbers, one can predict the distance the electron is from the nucleus, the shape of the orbital, the position of the orbital and the spin of the electron.S orbitalGraphic used from angelfire.comBCAThe diagram on the left displays the S orbital occupying the first 3 energy levels. Each main energy l evel has an S orbital. Diagram a is the 1s orbital. The number 1 informs us that the orbital is in the energy level closest to the nucleus. Diagram b is the 2s orbital. This orbital is in the minute energy level. Diagram c is the 3s orbital and is in the third energy level. The s describes the orbitals shape, with all S orbitals having a spherically symmetric (non directional) shape around the nucleus. The 2s and 3s electrons have a higher energy than the 1s electrons. This means that the 2s and 3s electrons are on average, further extraneous from the nucleus and this increases the size of the orbital making the 2s and 3s orbitals larger than the 1s orbital. The corresponding (l) value of the S orbital is 0 which means that the value of (ml) is also 0. http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTTNiJ4lHuR9TGSUhTt1dd1JKleilD3u2hiHKkrJZ7sTKQVPM3A1To8hEn8FAP orbitalGraphic used from chemtube3d.comThe P orbitals appear different to S orbitals and this is because they follow a certain dire ction, unlike the non-directional (spherical) S orbital. The P orbital appears on the second energy level also with the 2s orbital and can inhabit 6 electrons whilst the 2s orbital is only able to inhabit 2 electrons. There are three 2p orbitals which are all oriented perpendicular to one another. These orbitals are given the symbols px, py and pz to correspond to their position on the x, y, z axis. A P orbital consists of 2 lobes which can inhabit 2 electrons. However, once each P orbital has a single electron, then they will make to form pairs and fill each orbital with 2 electrons. As the energy levels increase, the P orbitals will get bigger in size (2p, 3p, 4p) which means that the space where the electron is likely to be found is a further distance away from the nucleus. The P orbital has an (l) value of 1 and an (ml) value of -1, 0, +1 because there are three possible orientations of the orbital in 3d space.http//www.chemtube3d.com/images/porbitals.pngD orbitalGraphic used f rom angelfire.comhttp//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTN3yvcX0Bp8llWJ80LaCj1mXYKffA_yQ_1UPwKpCEPLy38DAy92paVouDUPresented in the diagram on the left are five D orbitals on an x, y, z axis. The D orbitals (dyz, dxy, dz2, dxz, dx-y2) exist at the third energy level also with the 3s orbital and the 3px, 3py, 3pz orbitals. Each individual D orbital has a different orientation in 3 dimensional space and can inhibit up to 2 electrons, which is a total of 10 electrons between them. The surface of the D orbital and all of the space within it constitutes the space in which one is most likely to find the electron. The D orbital has an (l) value of 2 and as there are five different possible orientations of this orbital in 3d space, it has an (ml) value of -2, -1, 0, +1, +2.F orbitalsGraphic used from angelfire.comThere are vii F orbitals that exist on the fourth energy level as well as the 4s orbital, the 4px, 4py, 4pz orbitals and the 4dyz, 4dxy, 4dz2, 4dxz, 4dx-y2 orbitals. Each individua l F orbital can hold up to 2 electrons which is a total of 14 electrons between them. If we were to plot the positions of the electron within the F orbital in all of the different locations it was found, we would start to form a 3 dimensional map of the places that the electron has travelled in. These 3 dimensional maps are described in the diagrams shown on the right slide by side. Each of these shapes represent where the electron is most likely to be found 90% of the time. The F orbital has an (l) value of 3 and as http//www.angelfire.com/falcon2/dirgni/f.gifThere are seven different possible orientations of this orbital in 3d space,It has an (ml) value of -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3.1.3APPLY THE AUFBAU PRINCIPLE, HUNDS RULE AND PAULI PRINCIPLE TO THE WRITING OF THE FULL ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS FOR ANY portion WITH AN ATOMIC NUMBER BETWEEN 1 AND 36Describe what you understand by the Aufbau Principle, Hunds regain and Pauli Principle. In terms of the above, show the full electro nic configuration of any element with an atomic number between 12 and 36When it comes to filling electron energy diagrams, one has to obey three different rules. These rules are known as The Aufbau Principle, Hunds Rules and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.The Aufbau Principle explains that orbitals of lowest energy are filled first from the bottom and then upwards. Hands rule principle states that if we were to have multiple orbitals of the aforementioned(prenominal) energy, then one should place an orbital in each before they double up. The Pauli Principle states that no two electrons in an atom have the same four quantum numbers. All three rules are explained in further detail below.Aufbau PrincipleThe Aufbau Principle was founded by two physicists named Neils Bohr and Wolfgang Pauli in the 1920s. The name originates from a German expression, meaning to build out. The principle describes the way electrons are added to an atom or a molecule and shows that orbitals of a lower energy are filled before orbitals of a higher energy. It shows us that an orbital can only inhibit 2 electrons at most with no two electrons having the same four quantum numbers within an atom.Pauli Exclusion PrincipleThe Pauli Exclusion Principle was formulated by a Gentleman named Wolfgang Pauli in the year 1925. Fermions are any particles such as electrons, protons and neutrons which have an odd half spin. The Pauli Exclusion Principle explains that no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state. However, Bosons which are particles that have an integer spin (0,1,2,3..) and carry force, do not obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Test results described fermions as being repelled by the Pauli Exclusion Principle when the temperature dropped whilst Boson particles were not repelled. The Principle explains why electrons are kept increasingly further away from the nucleus when quantum states fill up, balanced by the attractive electric force between the electron and the positively charged nucleus. It has been discovered that some stars are held up by degenerate pressure which resulted from the Pauli Exclusion Principle.Hunds RulesThe Hunds Rules were a set of formulated rules developed by a German Physicist named Friedrich Hund in 1927. The Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity explains the particular order that electrons fill subshells. The Rule says that the electron will inhibit orbitals of an equal energy level in order to create the largest multitude of orbitals having an electron within them. It clearly states that when one is to fill up a subshell, they should start by place electrons in the individual orbitals of 2p (such as 2px then 2py, then 2pz) instead of filling each orbital up with two electrons before continuing on to the conterminous orbital of the axis. Simply, the orbitals of a subshell must be occupied singly and with parallel spins before they occupy in pairs. The Hunds rule teaches that the greater the total spin state of the electron will result in making the atom a lot more stable, manifested most commonly in a lower energy state. This is due to the fact that it forces the unpaired electrons to inhibit in different spatial orbitals.Below is the a diagram showing the application of the three rules (Aufbau Principle, PEP, Hunds Rule) when building the electron configuration for Sulphur (S) in group 6 on the periodic table.1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4http//img174.imageshack.us/img174/9436/electronicconfigurationvv8.jpg3P3S2PAbove is a diagram of the Bohr model of sulphur atom taken frommugging-chocobos.blogspot.comIn the diagram above, we can see that all 3 rules have been applied. The Aufbau principle (building from the bottom upwards), the Pauli Exclusion Principle (2 electrons with opposing spin within each orbital) and the Hunds Rule (each individual electron will inhibit a spatial orbital separate from one another before pairing up in the same orbital).1S2S

Investigating the Accuracy of the Air-column Length

Investigating the Accuracy of the Air-column Length1.0 Introduction (max 500 words)Sound is a vibration that transmits as a typically audible mechanical joggle of shift and pressure d star a medium such as piddle or air (Wikipedia, 2015). A pressure disturbance that travels through a medium (particle to particle interaction) is called a voice wave. Particles become disturbed, causing one to handle a force to the adjacent particle hence particles are disturbed from rest resulting in energy being transported through the medium (The physics Classroom, 1996-2015). The displacement of a mediums particles is parallel to the wave propagation direction, which characterises longitudinal wave (A.Russell D, 1998). Particles do not travel down the tube they vibrate corroborate and forth between their individual equilibrium. Due to the longitudinal waves, there are particles in the air that are compressed, whereas former(a)s are dispersed, which are called compression and rarefaction ( pro trude 1). The longitudinal wave does not aim peaks, so the wave space is usually measured using the distance between the compressions or the rarefactions. Figure 1 Compression and rarefaction (Geeks Unite, 2013)The speed of sound is dep deathent on the temperature, which git be generated from, where v is the speed of sound and T is the temperature. However, in the experiment the upper of sound waves is found by multiplying the wave length and the known absolute relative frequence of tune up crotchs.Wavelength is described as the length of one cycle of the wave. When a system is driven by the natural frequency, a resonance frequency occurs. However, the inwardness of wavelength sections can determine several natural frequencies through a column of air in a tube ( in Figure 2). When a tuning fork is held above the tube (Figure 2) while vibrating, if the tuning forks frequency aligns with the air column, air particles will be pushed by the tuning forks vibrations at a frequen cy which causes the vibration in the air column (Ping E, 2011).Figure 2 Example of the experiments setup (NASA, 2010) Figure 3 vibrancy tube with closed and open end (NASA, 2010)Although compressions and rarefactions are in opposite directions, when they are reflected at the end of the closed tube (closed end is water) into the converse direction propagation of waves are produced. The wavelength is calculated through the air column, because a tubes shortest resonance length is a quarter of the wavelength (Figure 3). Resonance occurs at the greatest bountifulness of the sound waves, hence, wavelength can be calculated as (Walding R et al, 2004). The fundamental frequency (first harmonic) has a node (when displacement of the amplitude is zero) at the closed end of the air column and an antinode at the open end (Figure 3 left) (The Physics Classroom, 1996-2015). By adjusting the tube, the third harmonic will bug out next as one vibrational node and two vibrational antinodes form the frequency of the harmonic (Figure 3 right). Even though the wavelength and frequency can be multiplied to find the velocity of sound, they are not factors that will affect the velocity, which indicates the changes in wavelength only results in an inverse impact of the frequency (The Physics Classroom, 1996-2015).4.0 Discussion4.1 AnalysisBy investigating the accuracy of the air-column length using resonance tubes in water, it was clear that the results were achieved with relatively high accuracy when compared with the calculated air-column length when the room temperature was measured and assumed to be constant at hence the velocity of sound was. It was discovered that the resonance tubes diameter had an validatory relationship with the length of air-column, which an ontogenesis in tubes diameter results in a decrease in the air-column length. From Table 1, the air-column lengths for each tube at all frequency declined from 0.161m, 0.231m and 0.329m to 0.134m, 0.203m and 0.30 1m respectively as the diameter of tubes increased from 0.0164m to 0.0865m (same trend in Table 2). As Graph 1 showed more explicitly through the decreasing linear trendlines at different frequencies, the indirect relationship between air-column length and tube diameter was justified. Moreover, the gradients of the trendlines were the end correction that appeared to be between, which approximately corresponded with equations of the hypothetical entropy and the formula of wavelength (), but for this experiment using end correction of 0.4 could be invalid as each set of info may sustain its specific end correction, possibly causing inaccuracies. The measured data seemed to contain relatively high accuracy (overlapped with the theoretical data) in contrast with the theoretical data (Table 2) in Graph 1. Therefore, the end correction and hypothesis were justified.As frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength, Graph 2 illustrated the inverse relationship between frequency and air-column length where all air-column lengths declined as the frequency grew. While the values were close to 1, the data plotted did not perfectly fit the trendlines, which indicated that some erroneousnesss were in the data (see 4.2 Evaluation). Due to tube B and C having similar diameters (0.038m and 0.039m), and only trinity decimal places were kept when calculating the air-column lengths, the trends were not presented distinctly as the other three tubes. If the results were kept in more decimal places, tube C would film a shorter air-column length than tube B at constant velocity of sound and frequency.Anomalies were expected and four were identified (highlighted in Table 7). Standard deviation was used to distinguish between the raw data. Results were seen as anomalies if they were not in the disgorge of two standard deviations and modal(a) air-column length (). The highlighted data were believed to be one-off values as they appeared randomly, hence disregarded when calcu lating the average air-column length. The anomalies may have occurred callable to parallax when interpreting the measurements from the measuring tape, which can be avoided in further experiments. Another reason may also be mistaking overtones as resonance or missing points of resonance, and particles (e.g. PVC pipes debris/scraps) Overall, the data collected were relatively reliable and expected in the hypothesis, thus, justified the inverse relationships between air-column length and tube, as well as frequency and air-column. Therefore, the data proved that wavelength was inversely proportional to frequency (The Physics Classroom, 1996-2015).4.2 EvaluationThe experiment was completed in one day with consistency. However, errors were found between measured data and theoretical data. Table 3 showed the per centum error between measured and calculated (theoretical) air-column length. All percentage errors were less than 1% (varied from 0.004% to 0.612%). Hence, the errors were insig nificant and the measured results contained relatively high accuracy with precision. Theoretically, the velocity of sound should be the same at across all tubes at all frequencies as the temperature was kept constant however, the data varied between a range of and (Table 4). Percentage errors were negligible (all under 1% with highest value of 0.397%) which were calculated to compare with the theoretical velocity at () (Table 5). Propagation error of velocity of sound was also investigated by considering the error of apparatus, which was compared with the theoretical velocity. Since this error was less than, the error was considered to be insignificant that the measured data contained comparatively high accuracy thus, justified the experiment as a valid experiment. Graph 3 presented the average velocity calculated, the velocities of five pipes differed from each other. Theoretically, an increasing trend in variance should present in Graph 3, but pipe B and C seems to have extremel y large variances (errors), hence disregarded. Thus, increasing trend only applies to pipe A, C and E. Evidently, pipe A had the smallest variance, which implied high precision hence, pipe A was considered to have the highest accuracy.Furthermore, random errors were made as the tuning fork may have been held incorrectly as hands were moving up and down to adjust the air-column, or pipes were not held completely perpendicular to the ground. The anomalies can be improved by using an electronic ruler to collect air-column lengths to avoid parallax. When finding the harmonics, overtones which relates to the third and fifth frequencies should be avoided. In addition, room temperature may be measured when collecting each trials data to calculate the speed of sound to check over higher accuracy of the air-column length. Due to the experiment being conducted in the classroom with all other experiments conducting at the same time, surrounding noise might be another reason for anomalies occ urring hence the experiment should be completed in a quiet room to avoid resonance interference by other sounds. Furthermore, the experiment can be extended by using AFO (Audio Frequency Oscillator) that generates frequency (at certain level) and a speaker instead of tuning forks to alternate the frequency and water level to determine the air-column length (Gadani D.H, 2011).Resonance is used in real life applications, usually for music instruments. Flutes can be estimated as cylindrical tubes with two open ends, whereas a clarinet has a closed end which the air is blown from one end and resonance occurs (Walding R et al, 2004). Clarinets usually have frequency range between 125Hz to 2000Hz (Brown S, 1996-2012) with 15mm inner diameter (Fox S, 2000). Since clarinets frequency could be around 200Hz, theoretical equation (at 256Hz from Graph 1) was manipulated (Graph 4) to determine the air-column length of the clarinet. The fundamental harmonic is predicted to occur at 33cm however, at the third harmonic the result (99cm) almost matches with the real clarinet length of 94cm (Nave R, 2015). The length of clarinet must be an exact wavelength in assure for the resonance to occur. Therefore, with a percentage error of 6.38% the prediction seems reasonable and appropriate, which justifies that the experiment can be extrapolated to real life application in the future.5.0 ConclusionWhen the velocity of sound was kept constant at a certain temperature, the resonance tubes inner diameters were measured with known frequencies written on tuning forks, the wavelength was calculated, hence the air-column length could be determined (). It was found that the air-column length had an indirect relationship with the frequency when velocity of sound was kept constant and an inverse relationship with the tubes diameters while some(prenominal) velocity of sound and frequency were maintained the same. This supported the hypothesis that frequencies would have similar impacts on the air-column as the decrease in frequency would lead to an increase in air-column length when diameter was unchanged.

Adaptive Energy Efficient Transmission in WSNs

Adaptive Energy Efficient Transmission in WSNsA novel approach for adaptive energy efficient transmission in WSNsS Murthy Vedireswarapu, Muni Bhaskar. Athikayala Shankar.TAbstractIn wireless demodulator engagements (WSNs), demodulator guests work on finite capacity batteries. So, in order to increase nedeucerk life sentence the mobile sensor nodes should be operated at miserable provide. Hence, we need a novel approach for efficient schema for transmission in WSNs. In this scheme, harmonize to temperature changes the connectivity between sensor nodes is estimated by using open loop process, the network is divided into three lands based on closed loop feedback process which helps to scale down packets overhead in the network. Region dependent threshold on loss of vector exponent (RSloss) and present number of nodes in from each one orbit helps to counterbalance transmission berth level according to changes in connectivity between nodes because of changes in temperatur e. This scheme achieves high energy saving than breathing conventional method.Index tollthreshold on transmitter power loss, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), transmitter power level.I. INTRODUCTIONWireless sensor networks (WSNs) works based on IEEE 802.15.4 model. This standard operates at frequency of 2.4GHZ and data rate of 250 kbps. WSNs are used mainly in industrial, bio medical, security surveillance and weather monitoring applications. Each sensor node consists of radio transmitter, receiver, sensing unit, processing unit and limited capacity battery 1 .Because of limited battery sprightliness at each sensor node, the transmitter power level should be minimized to increase the energy efficiency and network lifetime of WSNs. In WSNs all the systems should be operate at low power to increase energy efficiency because it is an important concern in wireless communication.To collect data from different environments sensor nodes are deployed at different locations at heart WSNs. While the communication between sensor nodes they consume less power as sensor nodes operate on limited battery, and temperature effects the connectivity between the sensor nodes. So, we need to reduce energy consumption for communication between sensor nodes, and at the same time ensure that good connectivity between sensor nodes in order to increase network life time 2-4.we analyzed a immature scheme for Ptlevel to efficiently adjust the connectivity between nodes due to temperature changes. This scheme improves network lifetime while maintaining good connectivity between sensor nodes. By using temperature sensor, the connectivity between each node is estimated in open loop process. Estimated degradation in connectivity is compensated by using closed loop feedback process in the new scheme. In this scheme we obtain less transmission power compared to existing schemes.II. LITERATURE REVIEWIn algorithm of local mean (LMA), Based on number of received acknowledgements by the refere nce node the transmission Plevel is set according to threshold transmission Ptlevel .It improves network lifetime but tidy sumnot estimate the link quality 5. In other existing schemes based on RSloss, transmitter Ptlevel is estimated 6.In other existing scheme closed loop feedback process is used for connectivity estimation .In this scheme each node aware of required Ptlevel to be maintained with its adjacent nodes. According to connectivity changes it adjusts the transmission power level 7.The above schemes cannot guarantee both low power transmission and good connectivity between nodes. The new scheme efficiently adjusts the connectivity changes according to temperature changes. Based on RSloss ,Ptlevel is estimated for all three regions for good connectivity between the nodes.III. PROBLEM STATEMENTIn WSNs due to multipath propagation token strength varies irregularly, the polarity strength mainly depends on the transmitted power at any time. The reason for the variation in t he RSloss .First the variation in signal strength according to distance due to multipath effect, secondly the environmental factors like temperature effects the signal strength. So the temperature is one of the main factors which affect the RSloss and transmission power level. Hence we need to compensate these parameters according to surrounding temperature variations.IV. SOLVING METHODOLOGYIn this scheme open loop feedback process uses temperature sensor to detect the temperature variations. In closed loop feedback process, transmission Ptlevel is adjusted based on control packets overhead. Based on open loop and closed loop feedback process the network is divided into three logical regions as high, medium and low represented with X, Y and Z respectively. In this scheme we use RSloss to measure the connectivity with relatively low overhead.Open loopnc(t)nd(t) Closed loopFigure 1 Block diagramV. ENERGY-EFFICIENT TRANSMISSION SCHEME.In this scheme, transmission Ptlevel is adjusted by the power controller by utilizing the current number of nodes and temperature sensed by each node. Temperature compensation is done in case of any changes in temperature sensed at a sensor by using the relation between temperature and RSloss. Transmission power loss due to temperature variation is given as 9RSlossdBm=0.1996*(T0C-250C).By using LSA the transmitter Ptlevel is obtained as follows 9Ptlevel=(RSloss+40)/122.91According to free space model the actual transmitter power level is obtained as follows,PtrdBm= *( Eb/No)*mkTB*(4d/)2+RNF+RSlossHere number of nodes (N), distance between each node (d),signal to noise ratio(Eb/No), spectral efficiency(), frequency(f) and Receiver noise discover(RNF). 9The main variables are transmitter power loss and transmitter power in each region decides the working of working of algorithm.A beacon message is broadcasted periodically by the reference node and waits for ACKs. If ACKs are received from nodes, RSloss is estimated for division of ne twork logically, considering region X with high RSloss, region Y with medium RSloss and low RSloss as Z region. Estimating of transmitter Ptlevel is as follows If RSloss loss threshold then default transmitter Ptlevel is assigned. In other case if RSloss RSloss threshold and nc(t) nd(t) ,then threshold Ptlevel is assigned. For similar case with nc(t) d(t) transmitter Ptlevel is assigned.Minimum, Maximum and Average value of RSloss for all nodes present in the network can formulated as followsRSloss(min)=min(RSloss(k)),RSloss(max)=max(RSloss(k)),RSloss (Avg) = (min(RSloss(k)) + max(RSloss(k)))/2Then limits of the three regions are given as 7For region XRSloss( X max)=max(RSloss(k)),RSloss( X min)= (RSloss(Avg)) + 2Figure 2 Flow chart of reference node 7To count number of nodes in each region, a counter is initialized with initially zero.For region YRSloss( Y max)=(RSloss(Avg)) + 2RSloss( Y min)=(RSloss(Avg)) 2For region ZRSloss( Z max)=(RSloss(Avg)) 2RSloss( Z min)=min(RSloss(k)) k NRSloss( X Threshold) =RSloss( Y Threshold) =RSloss( Z Threshold) =RSloss-new(X,Y,Z)(k)=RSloss(Threshold X,Y,Z)Given that for all k N,RSloss(Threshold X,Y,Z) RSloss(X,Y,Z)(k)And nc(t)(X,Y,Z) nd(t)(X,Y,Z)RSloss-new(X,Y,Z)(k)=RSloss(X,Y,Z)(k)Given that for all k N,RSloss(Threshold X,Y,Z) RSloss (X,Y,Z)(k)And nc(t)(X,Y,Z) nd(t)(X,Y,Z) orRSloss(Threshold X,Y,Z)RSloss(X,Y,Z)(k)Estimation of Ptlevel for new RSloss is formulated as for all k N,Ptlevel-new(X,Y,Z)(k)= (RSloss-new(X,Y,Z)(k)+40)/122.91The difference between Ptlevels assigned before and later the proposed scheme is denoted as Ptsave.Ptsave (X,Y,Z) = VI. SIMULATION RESULTSFigure 3 Transmitter power saved in region X for different reference node location.From figure out 3, we can infer that, maximum Ptsave is 12dBm to 21dBm. When a reference node is at origin of the square region, Ptsave is constant around 1dBm.Figure 4 Transmitter Ptsave in region Y for different reference node location. From above figure, we can i nfer that maximum. Ptsave for region Y varies from 12dBm to 21dBm Figure 5 Transmitter Ptsave in region Z for different reference location.Figure 6 Transmitter power for different rounds.From above figure 5, we can infer that Ptsave for region Z varies from -20dBm to 20dBm.From figure 6, we can clearly observe that Pt lies between -84dBm to 80dBm.VII. CONCLUSIONBy using this scheme the energy consumption of the mobile nodes is reduced in WSNs. This scheme uses both open loop control and closed loop feedback control process. The temperature changes are adjusted with the help of open loop process. By using these two processes the energy consumption of mobile sensor nodes is reduced by comparing with existing schemes. By dividing the network into three different regions we can prolong the lifetime of network and maintains good connectivity between sensor nodes.

The alliterative poems Pearl and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight unite traditional Celtic mythology with Christian orthodoxy to produce a distinctly :: Essays Papers

The rhymed poems Pearl and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight unite traditional Celtic mythology with Christian orthodoxy to produce a intelligibly British ChristianityThe Catholic church in fourteenth century England was undergoing a convulsion. The church was unable to explain why God inflicted the Black Plague on the citizenry, or to conjure up his mercy and end the suffering and death. The Babylonian Captivity saw the papacy in Avignon, under the influence if not the adopt control of the hated French. Even when Rome once again became the seat of the Holy See, the Great Western Schism divided the loyalties of Christians between the two advert popes -- who excommunicated each other and all the others followers. Corruption among the hierarchy of priests and bishops seemed epidemic.As ever, The obvious alternative, for anyone wishing to withdraw from the ideological and bureaucratic complexities of the Christian empire, was to return to the simplicity of the church services founder , (Saul 544). We bland see this today, in evangelical and fundamentalist Christian sects.Lollardy was one reaction to the churchs apparent loss of direction. John Wyclif and his followers disavowed the authority of the papacy, the truth of the sacraments, and the dogma and doctrines of the Catholics church.The alliterative poems Pearl and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight also turn away from the orthodoxy of the Catholic church. By the subtle yet simple technique of excluding Catholic doctrines, and by adapting the fab British past into the Christian present, these poems illustrate the development of a specifically British Christianity.While the poems may seem to approve of Lollardy, we would be in geological fault in believing that. Rather, these heretical views all flow from a common wellspring in the English character that would later lead to Protestantism and the establishment of the Church of England.Veneration of the Virgin Mary was to be scornfully dubbed Mariolotry by Prote stants, but was at the time (and remains) a central doctrine of Catholicism. Teachings of the church formed so vital a part of literary backgrounds (Ackerman 81) that someone unfamiliar with Catholicism would fail to understand the literature of the period. Both Pearl and Gawain treat as form veneration of the Virgin Mary. This is, however, the only piece of Catholic orthodoxy these poems contain all the other Christian symbols and allusions are taken directly from the Bible, not the church. Gawain does mention in passing St. Julian (774) and St.

Scottich Witch Trials of 1590 :: essays research papers fc

The European enrapture-hunts that took place from 1400 to 1800 were complete monstrosities of solelyice, but the brutality seemed to have been concentrated more in definite parts of Europe than other parts. This is especi anyy true in the British Isles during the witch trials of 1590-1593, where Scotland, a country with a fourth of the population of England, experienced ternary times as many executions as them. Before these particular trials, England and Scotland were both only mildly involved in the hunts, but a Scottish witchs confession in late 1590 unveiled a plot to kill King James VI by creating a storm to finalize his ship. This confession led to the implementation of others and quickly festered into the widely publicized hunts throughout Scotland in the late 16th century.The Scottish witch-hunts of 1590 began in Tranent, a city just outside of Edinburgh, with the accusation of a maidservant named Geillis Duncane. Duncane was a kind hearted woman who used her vast knowle dge of medicinal herbs and healing techniques to take in hand all such(prenominal) as were troubled or grieved with anie kinde of sickness or infirmitie and in short space did perfourme many matters most miraculous (sic). Her ability to cure disorder caused her master David Seaton, a deputy bailiff, to become suspicious of her. He was a callous and unsympathetic man who could not comprehend why someone would infinitely go out of their way to help others. He was also wary of how a woman in such a humble position had acquired such an extensive knowledge of medicines and healing. Seatons suspicions seemed to be confirmed when he found Duncane sneaking out of the house late at night. When she was unable to answer where she was at night and how she gained her power to heal, she was immediately accused of consorting with the Devil. When she refused to confess to the crime of witchcraft, Seaton had her tortured.There was a plethora of torture devices used on those accused of witchcraft i n the 1500s, Duncane was fortunate to only have experienced a few. The first device used on Duncane was a vice called the pillwinkles, also known as thumbscrews, which dispirited the bones in her fingers. When that did not work, her head was thrawed, which consisted of it being bound with rope or cord, then twisted and wrenched savagely. When she still would not confess, a diligent reckon of her body was conducted where the Devils mark was found on her throat.