Investigating the Accuracy of the Air-column Length

Investigating the Accuracy of the Air-column Length1.0 Introduction (max 500 words)Sound is a vibration that transmits as a typically audible mechanical joggle of shift and pressure d star a medium such as piddle or air (Wikipedia, 2015). A pressure disturbance that travels through a medium (particle to particle interaction) is called a voice wave. Particles become disturbed, causing one to handle a force to the adjacent particle hence particles are disturbed from rest resulting in energy being transported through the medium (The physics Classroom, 1996-2015). The displacement of a mediums particles is parallel to the wave propagation direction, which characterises longitudinal wave (A.Russell D, 1998). Particles do not travel down the tube they vibrate corroborate and forth between their individual equilibrium. Due to the longitudinal waves, there are particles in the air that are compressed, whereas former(a)s are dispersed, which are called compression and rarefaction ( pro trude 1). The longitudinal wave does not aim peaks, so the wave space is usually measured using the distance between the compressions or the rarefactions. Figure 1 Compression and rarefaction (Geeks Unite, 2013)The speed of sound is dep deathent on the temperature, which git be generated from, where v is the speed of sound and T is the temperature. However, in the experiment the upper of sound waves is found by multiplying the wave length and the known absolute relative frequence of tune up crotchs.Wavelength is described as the length of one cycle of the wave. When a system is driven by the natural frequency, a resonance frequency occurs. However, the inwardness of wavelength sections can determine several natural frequencies through a column of air in a tube ( in Figure 2). When a tuning fork is held above the tube (Figure 2) while vibrating, if the tuning forks frequency aligns with the air column, air particles will be pushed by the tuning forks vibrations at a frequen cy which causes the vibration in the air column (Ping E, 2011).Figure 2 Example of the experiments setup (NASA, 2010) Figure 3 vibrancy tube with closed and open end (NASA, 2010)Although compressions and rarefactions are in opposite directions, when they are reflected at the end of the closed tube (closed end is water) into the converse direction propagation of waves are produced. The wavelength is calculated through the air column, because a tubes shortest resonance length is a quarter of the wavelength (Figure 3). Resonance occurs at the greatest bountifulness of the sound waves, hence, wavelength can be calculated as (Walding R et al, 2004). The fundamental frequency (first harmonic) has a node (when displacement of the amplitude is zero) at the closed end of the air column and an antinode at the open end (Figure 3 left) (The Physics Classroom, 1996-2015). By adjusting the tube, the third harmonic will bug out next as one vibrational node and two vibrational antinodes form the frequency of the harmonic (Figure 3 right). Even though the wavelength and frequency can be multiplied to find the velocity of sound, they are not factors that will affect the velocity, which indicates the changes in wavelength only results in an inverse impact of the frequency (The Physics Classroom, 1996-2015).4.0 Discussion4.1 AnalysisBy investigating the accuracy of the air-column length using resonance tubes in water, it was clear that the results were achieved with relatively high accuracy when compared with the calculated air-column length when the room temperature was measured and assumed to be constant at hence the velocity of sound was. It was discovered that the resonance tubes diameter had an validatory relationship with the length of air-column, which an ontogenesis in tubes diameter results in a decrease in the air-column length. From Table 1, the air-column lengths for each tube at all frequency declined from 0.161m, 0.231m and 0.329m to 0.134m, 0.203m and 0.30 1m respectively as the diameter of tubes increased from 0.0164m to 0.0865m (same trend in Table 2). As Graph 1 showed more explicitly through the decreasing linear trendlines at different frequencies, the indirect relationship between air-column length and tube diameter was justified. Moreover, the gradients of the trendlines were the end correction that appeared to be between, which approximately corresponded with equations of the hypothetical entropy and the formula of wavelength (), but for this experiment using end correction of 0.4 could be invalid as each set of info may sustain its specific end correction, possibly causing inaccuracies. The measured data seemed to contain relatively high accuracy (overlapped with the theoretical data) in contrast with the theoretical data (Table 2) in Graph 1. Therefore, the end correction and hypothesis were justified.As frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength, Graph 2 illustrated the inverse relationship between frequency and air-column length where all air-column lengths declined as the frequency grew. While the values were close to 1, the data plotted did not perfectly fit the trendlines, which indicated that some erroneousnesss were in the data (see 4.2 Evaluation). Due to tube B and C having similar diameters (0.038m and 0.039m), and only trinity decimal places were kept when calculating the air-column lengths, the trends were not presented distinctly as the other three tubes. If the results were kept in more decimal places, tube C would film a shorter air-column length than tube B at constant velocity of sound and frequency.Anomalies were expected and four were identified (highlighted in Table 7). Standard deviation was used to distinguish between the raw data. Results were seen as anomalies if they were not in the disgorge of two standard deviations and modal(a) air-column length (). The highlighted data were believed to be one-off values as they appeared randomly, hence disregarded when calcu lating the average air-column length. The anomalies may have occurred callable to parallax when interpreting the measurements from the measuring tape, which can be avoided in further experiments. Another reason may also be mistaking overtones as resonance or missing points of resonance, and particles (e.g. PVC pipes debris/scraps) Overall, the data collected were relatively reliable and expected in the hypothesis, thus, justified the inverse relationships between air-column length and tube, as well as frequency and air-column. Therefore, the data proved that wavelength was inversely proportional to frequency (The Physics Classroom, 1996-2015).4.2 EvaluationThe experiment was completed in one day with consistency. However, errors were found between measured data and theoretical data. Table 3 showed the per centum error between measured and calculated (theoretical) air-column length. All percentage errors were less than 1% (varied from 0.004% to 0.612%). Hence, the errors were insig nificant and the measured results contained relatively high accuracy with precision. Theoretically, the velocity of sound should be the same at across all tubes at all frequencies as the temperature was kept constant however, the data varied between a range of and (Table 4). Percentage errors were negligible (all under 1% with highest value of 0.397%) which were calculated to compare with the theoretical velocity at () (Table 5). Propagation error of velocity of sound was also investigated by considering the error of apparatus, which was compared with the theoretical velocity. Since this error was less than, the error was considered to be insignificant that the measured data contained comparatively high accuracy thus, justified the experiment as a valid experiment. Graph 3 presented the average velocity calculated, the velocities of five pipes differed from each other. Theoretically, an increasing trend in variance should present in Graph 3, but pipe B and C seems to have extremel y large variances (errors), hence disregarded. Thus, increasing trend only applies to pipe A, C and E. Evidently, pipe A had the smallest variance, which implied high precision hence, pipe A was considered to have the highest accuracy.Furthermore, random errors were made as the tuning fork may have been held incorrectly as hands were moving up and down to adjust the air-column, or pipes were not held completely perpendicular to the ground. The anomalies can be improved by using an electronic ruler to collect air-column lengths to avoid parallax. When finding the harmonics, overtones which relates to the third and fifth frequencies should be avoided. In addition, room temperature may be measured when collecting each trials data to calculate the speed of sound to check over higher accuracy of the air-column length. Due to the experiment being conducted in the classroom with all other experiments conducting at the same time, surrounding noise might be another reason for anomalies occ urring hence the experiment should be completed in a quiet room to avoid resonance interference by other sounds. Furthermore, the experiment can be extended by using AFO (Audio Frequency Oscillator) that generates frequency (at certain level) and a speaker instead of tuning forks to alternate the frequency and water level to determine the air-column length (Gadani D.H, 2011).Resonance is used in real life applications, usually for music instruments. Flutes can be estimated as cylindrical tubes with two open ends, whereas a clarinet has a closed end which the air is blown from one end and resonance occurs (Walding R et al, 2004). Clarinets usually have frequency range between 125Hz to 2000Hz (Brown S, 1996-2012) with 15mm inner diameter (Fox S, 2000). Since clarinets frequency could be around 200Hz, theoretical equation (at 256Hz from Graph 1) was manipulated (Graph 4) to determine the air-column length of the clarinet. The fundamental harmonic is predicted to occur at 33cm however, at the third harmonic the result (99cm) almost matches with the real clarinet length of 94cm (Nave R, 2015). The length of clarinet must be an exact wavelength in assure for the resonance to occur. Therefore, with a percentage error of 6.38% the prediction seems reasonable and appropriate, which justifies that the experiment can be extrapolated to real life application in the future.5.0 ConclusionWhen the velocity of sound was kept constant at a certain temperature, the resonance tubes inner diameters were measured with known frequencies written on tuning forks, the wavelength was calculated, hence the air-column length could be determined (). It was found that the air-column length had an indirect relationship with the frequency when velocity of sound was kept constant and an inverse relationship with the tubes diameters while some(prenominal) velocity of sound and frequency were maintained the same. This supported the hypothesis that frequencies would have similar impacts on the air-column as the decrease in frequency would lead to an increase in air-column length when diameter was unchanged.

Adaptive Energy Efficient Transmission in WSNs

Adaptive Energy Efficient Transmission in WSNsA novel approach for adaptive energy efficient transmission in WSNsS Murthy Vedireswarapu, Muni Bhaskar. Athikayala Shankar.TAbstractIn wireless demodulator engagements (WSNs), demodulator guests work on finite capacity batteries. So, in order to increase nedeucerk life sentence the mobile sensor nodes should be operated at miserable provide. Hence, we need a novel approach for efficient schema for transmission in WSNs. In this scheme, harmonize to temperature changes the connectivity between sensor nodes is estimated by using open loop process, the network is divided into three lands based on closed loop feedback process which helps to scale down packets overhead in the network. Region dependent threshold on loss of vector exponent (RSloss) and present number of nodes in from each one orbit helps to counterbalance transmission berth level according to changes in connectivity between nodes because of changes in temperatur e. This scheme achieves high energy saving than breathing conventional method.Index tollthreshold on transmitter power loss, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), transmitter power level.I. INTRODUCTIONWireless sensor networks (WSNs) works based on IEEE 802.15.4 model. This standard operates at frequency of 2.4GHZ and data rate of 250 kbps. WSNs are used mainly in industrial, bio medical, security surveillance and weather monitoring applications. Each sensor node consists of radio transmitter, receiver, sensing unit, processing unit and limited capacity battery 1 .Because of limited battery sprightliness at each sensor node, the transmitter power level should be minimized to increase the energy efficiency and network lifetime of WSNs. In WSNs all the systems should be operate at low power to increase energy efficiency because it is an important concern in wireless communication.To collect data from different environments sensor nodes are deployed at different locations at heart WSNs. While the communication between sensor nodes they consume less power as sensor nodes operate on limited battery, and temperature effects the connectivity between the sensor nodes. So, we need to reduce energy consumption for communication between sensor nodes, and at the same time ensure that good connectivity between sensor nodes in order to increase network life time 2-4.we analyzed a immature scheme for Ptlevel to efficiently adjust the connectivity between nodes due to temperature changes. This scheme improves network lifetime while maintaining good connectivity between sensor nodes. By using temperature sensor, the connectivity between each node is estimated in open loop process. Estimated degradation in connectivity is compensated by using closed loop feedback process in the new scheme. In this scheme we obtain less transmission power compared to existing schemes.II. LITERATURE REVIEWIn algorithm of local mean (LMA), Based on number of received acknowledgements by the refere nce node the transmission Plevel is set according to threshold transmission Ptlevel .It improves network lifetime but tidy sumnot estimate the link quality 5. In other existing schemes based on RSloss, transmitter Ptlevel is estimated 6.In other existing scheme closed loop feedback process is used for connectivity estimation .In this scheme each node aware of required Ptlevel to be maintained with its adjacent nodes. According to connectivity changes it adjusts the transmission power level 7.The above schemes cannot guarantee both low power transmission and good connectivity between nodes. The new scheme efficiently adjusts the connectivity changes according to temperature changes. Based on RSloss ,Ptlevel is estimated for all three regions for good connectivity between the nodes.III. PROBLEM STATEMENTIn WSNs due to multipath propagation token strength varies irregularly, the polarity strength mainly depends on the transmitted power at any time. The reason for the variation in t he RSloss .First the variation in signal strength according to distance due to multipath effect, secondly the environmental factors like temperature effects the signal strength. So the temperature is one of the main factors which affect the RSloss and transmission power level. Hence we need to compensate these parameters according to surrounding temperature variations.IV. SOLVING METHODOLOGYIn this scheme open loop feedback process uses temperature sensor to detect the temperature variations. In closed loop feedback process, transmission Ptlevel is adjusted based on control packets overhead. Based on open loop and closed loop feedback process the network is divided into three logical regions as high, medium and low represented with X, Y and Z respectively. In this scheme we use RSloss to measure the connectivity with relatively low overhead.Open loopnc(t)nd(t) Closed loopFigure 1 Block diagramV. ENERGY-EFFICIENT TRANSMISSION SCHEME.In this scheme, transmission Ptlevel is adjusted by the power controller by utilizing the current number of nodes and temperature sensed by each node. Temperature compensation is done in case of any changes in temperature sensed at a sensor by using the relation between temperature and RSloss. Transmission power loss due to temperature variation is given as 9RSlossdBm=0.1996*(T0C-250C).By using LSA the transmitter Ptlevel is obtained as follows 9Ptlevel=(RSloss+40)/122.91According to free space model the actual transmitter power level is obtained as follows,PtrdBm= *( Eb/No)*mkTB*(4d/)2+RNF+RSlossHere number of nodes (N), distance between each node (d),signal to noise ratio(Eb/No), spectral efficiency(), frequency(f) and Receiver noise discover(RNF). 9The main variables are transmitter power loss and transmitter power in each region decides the working of working of algorithm.A beacon message is broadcasted periodically by the reference node and waits for ACKs. If ACKs are received from nodes, RSloss is estimated for division of ne twork logically, considering region X with high RSloss, region Y with medium RSloss and low RSloss as Z region. Estimating of transmitter Ptlevel is as follows If RSloss loss threshold then default transmitter Ptlevel is assigned. In other case if RSloss RSloss threshold and nc(t) nd(t) ,then threshold Ptlevel is assigned. For similar case with nc(t) d(t) transmitter Ptlevel is assigned.Minimum, Maximum and Average value of RSloss for all nodes present in the network can formulated as followsRSloss(min)=min(RSloss(k)),RSloss(max)=max(RSloss(k)),RSloss (Avg) = (min(RSloss(k)) + max(RSloss(k)))/2Then limits of the three regions are given as 7For region XRSloss( X max)=max(RSloss(k)),RSloss( X min)= (RSloss(Avg)) + 2Figure 2 Flow chart of reference node 7To count number of nodes in each region, a counter is initialized with initially zero.For region YRSloss( Y max)=(RSloss(Avg)) + 2RSloss( Y min)=(RSloss(Avg)) 2For region ZRSloss( Z max)=(RSloss(Avg)) 2RSloss( Z min)=min(RSloss(k)) k NRSloss( X Threshold) =RSloss( Y Threshold) =RSloss( Z Threshold) =RSloss-new(X,Y,Z)(k)=RSloss(Threshold X,Y,Z)Given that for all k N,RSloss(Threshold X,Y,Z) RSloss(X,Y,Z)(k)And nc(t)(X,Y,Z) nd(t)(X,Y,Z)RSloss-new(X,Y,Z)(k)=RSloss(X,Y,Z)(k)Given that for all k N,RSloss(Threshold X,Y,Z) RSloss (X,Y,Z)(k)And nc(t)(X,Y,Z) nd(t)(X,Y,Z) orRSloss(Threshold X,Y,Z)RSloss(X,Y,Z)(k)Estimation of Ptlevel for new RSloss is formulated as for all k N,Ptlevel-new(X,Y,Z)(k)= (RSloss-new(X,Y,Z)(k)+40)/122.91The difference between Ptlevels assigned before and later the proposed scheme is denoted as Ptsave.Ptsave (X,Y,Z) = VI. SIMULATION RESULTSFigure 3 Transmitter power saved in region X for different reference node location.From figure out 3, we can infer that, maximum Ptsave is 12dBm to 21dBm. When a reference node is at origin of the square region, Ptsave is constant around 1dBm.Figure 4 Transmitter Ptsave in region Y for different reference node location. From above figure, we can i nfer that maximum. Ptsave for region Y varies from 12dBm to 21dBm Figure 5 Transmitter Ptsave in region Z for different reference location.Figure 6 Transmitter power for different rounds.From above figure 5, we can infer that Ptsave for region Z varies from -20dBm to 20dBm.From figure 6, we can clearly observe that Pt lies between -84dBm to 80dBm.VII. CONCLUSIONBy using this scheme the energy consumption of the mobile nodes is reduced in WSNs. This scheme uses both open loop control and closed loop feedback control process. The temperature changes are adjusted with the help of open loop process. By using these two processes the energy consumption of mobile sensor nodes is reduced by comparing with existing schemes. By dividing the network into three different regions we can prolong the lifetime of network and maintains good connectivity between sensor nodes.

The alliterative poems Pearl and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight unite traditional Celtic mythology with Christian orthodoxy to produce a distinctly :: Essays Papers

The rhymed poems Pearl and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight unite traditional Celtic mythology with Christian orthodoxy to produce a intelligibly British ChristianityThe Catholic church in fourteenth century England was undergoing a convulsion. The church was unable to explain why God inflicted the Black Plague on the citizenry, or to conjure up his mercy and end the suffering and death. The Babylonian Captivity saw the papacy in Avignon, under the influence if not the adopt control of the hated French. Even when Rome once again became the seat of the Holy See, the Great Western Schism divided the loyalties of Christians between the two advert popes -- who excommunicated each other and all the others followers. Corruption among the hierarchy of priests and bishops seemed epidemic.As ever, The obvious alternative, for anyone wishing to withdraw from the ideological and bureaucratic complexities of the Christian empire, was to return to the simplicity of the church services founder , (Saul 544). We bland see this today, in evangelical and fundamentalist Christian sects.Lollardy was one reaction to the churchs apparent loss of direction. John Wyclif and his followers disavowed the authority of the papacy, the truth of the sacraments, and the dogma and doctrines of the Catholics church.The alliterative poems Pearl and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight also turn away from the orthodoxy of the Catholic church. By the subtle yet simple technique of excluding Catholic doctrines, and by adapting the fab British past into the Christian present, these poems illustrate the development of a specifically British Christianity.While the poems may seem to approve of Lollardy, we would be in geological fault in believing that. Rather, these heretical views all flow from a common wellspring in the English character that would later lead to Protestantism and the establishment of the Church of England.Veneration of the Virgin Mary was to be scornfully dubbed Mariolotry by Prote stants, but was at the time (and remains) a central doctrine of Catholicism. Teachings of the church formed so vital a part of literary backgrounds (Ackerman 81) that someone unfamiliar with Catholicism would fail to understand the literature of the period. Both Pearl and Gawain treat as form veneration of the Virgin Mary. This is, however, the only piece of Catholic orthodoxy these poems contain all the other Christian symbols and allusions are taken directly from the Bible, not the church. Gawain does mention in passing St. Julian (774) and St.

Scottich Witch Trials of 1590 :: essays research papers fc

The European enrapture-hunts that took place from 1400 to 1800 were complete monstrosities of solelyice, but the brutality seemed to have been concentrated more in definite parts of Europe than other parts. This is especi anyy true in the British Isles during the witch trials of 1590-1593, where Scotland, a country with a fourth of the population of England, experienced ternary times as many executions as them. Before these particular trials, England and Scotland were both only mildly involved in the hunts, but a Scottish witchs confession in late 1590 unveiled a plot to kill King James VI by creating a storm to finalize his ship. This confession led to the implementation of others and quickly festered into the widely publicized hunts throughout Scotland in the late 16th century.The Scottish witch-hunts of 1590 began in Tranent, a city just outside of Edinburgh, with the accusation of a maidservant named Geillis Duncane. Duncane was a kind hearted woman who used her vast knowle dge of medicinal herbs and healing techniques to take in hand all such(prenominal) as were troubled or grieved with anie kinde of sickness or infirmitie and in short space did perfourme many matters most miraculous (sic). Her ability to cure disorder caused her master David Seaton, a deputy bailiff, to become suspicious of her. He was a callous and unsympathetic man who could not comprehend why someone would infinitely go out of their way to help others. He was also wary of how a woman in such a humble position had acquired such an extensive knowledge of medicines and healing. Seatons suspicions seemed to be confirmed when he found Duncane sneaking out of the house late at night. When she was unable to answer where she was at night and how she gained her power to heal, she was immediately accused of consorting with the Devil. When she refused to confess to the crime of witchcraft, Seaton had her tortured.There was a plethora of torture devices used on those accused of witchcraft i n the 1500s, Duncane was fortunate to only have experienced a few. The first device used on Duncane was a vice called the pillwinkles, also known as thumbscrews, which dispirited the bones in her fingers. When that did not work, her head was thrawed, which consisted of it being bound with rope or cord, then twisted and wrenched savagely. When she still would not confess, a diligent reckon of her body was conducted where the Devils mark was found on her throat.

Case Study in a Correctional Facility Essay -- Management

This case study focuses on a scenario describing the experience of Leon Smith, a fictional sonny boy correctional officer (CO) in a large jail in a Midwestern industrial city. Smith observed that the inmates in the jail were eer talking about their criminal successes, and that many of them seemed eager (in a surreptitious way) to shargon intelligence information with COs. Rookie Smith was excited by the possibility of collecting intelligence in the jail and passing this on to law enforcement. Smith had ambitions of one day working in homicide investigations, and thought that sacramental manduction intelligence from the jail would both further his ambition, as well as a noble goal of helping law enforcement apprehend criminals and perhaps withal terrorists. Smith became disillusioned, however, as he began to observe that his fellow COs were well aware of the ready availability of the information, but were not interested in practically of what occurred outside of their immediate work sphere. In fact, they seemed more interested in their own particular shift or what went on inside of the jail. Smith intimate more about his peers when speaking with his Shift Sergeant Griswold, who expressed the point of view that all inmates are liars. Griswold also stated that COs are not cops and that law enforcement would not want to hear from them, even if it was useful information. Griswold stressed this point by saying his Lieutenant would say the same involvement if he brought intelligence to him. This scenario provides examples of barriers to communication, the strength of informal organizational socialization, a possible good application of linking pins to share information across work units, and opportunity to repair communication . Each will be discuss... ...covers for a meeting to disclose intelligence. Fro incentives and motivation , we will need to develop protocols for working with the DA to reduce measure served based upon inmate partici pation in the intelligence cycle. If reduction in time served is not possible, there may be other perks which can be provided to the inmate for their cooperation.References Conger, J. A. (1998). The necessary art of persuasion. Harvard Business Review,76 (3) , 85-95.Stojkovic, S., Kalinich, D., & Klofas, J. (2008). Criminal Justice Organizations Administration and Management (4th edition). Belmont, CA Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning, Inc.Tannen, D. (1995). The power of talk Who gets heard and why. Harvard Business Review, 73 (5), 138-148.Toch, H. (1978). Is a correctional officer, by any other name, a screw? Criminal Justice Review, 3, 19-35.

THE MAJOR EVENTS :: Business and Management Studies

THE MAJOR EVENTSThe graphs below summarise the fluctuations in the share price andshareholders returns of Vodafone group, as a result of two majorevents which occurred in mid February, 2004 and mid November of thesame year. On the 22nd 0f January 2004, AT&T Wireless, the third largest spryphone group in the US, put itself up for bargain but as shown above in anatomy1, this does non seem to have affected the share price or volume of trading as in that respect was no significant upward or downward trend in thesetwo areas. This can lead to an assumption that the market isinefficient as it did not respond to the information or that investorswere not expecting Vodafone to bid for AT&T Wireless because Mr Sarinhad told investors and analysts that he was happy with Vodafonesjoint venture with Verizon, the leading mobile phone operator in theUS.Had Vodafone succeeded in acquiring AT&T Wireless, it would have hadto sell its profitable stake in Verizon back to its partner, VerizonCommunica tions - a prospect that did not appeal to its shareholdersand so may be why the new information was not relevant to theVodafone.9th February 2004, saw the Vodafone Group Plc announcing that it will reach out to monitor developments in the US market and is exploringwhether a potential transaction with AT&T Wireless is in the interestsof its shareholders. This lead to a decrease in share price asinvestors knew that it would mean that Vodafone would have to sell itsprofitable stake Verizon to buy AT&T Wireless. The steep drop in Fig 1suggests that the market was efficient in its reaction to thisannouncement.The formal bidding war began on the 13th when Cingular made an initialoffer of $30bn, and the offer was matched by Vodafone. Cingular thenraised its bid to $35bn which was again matched by the Britishcompany. When Cingular raised its offer to $38bn, Vodafone once morematched the bid and this suggested to investors that Vodafone wouldpay too much for AT&T Wireless, which is why the s hare price droppedeach day till bidding ended on the 17th. On 17th February 2004,Vodafone withdrew from the auction when it concluded that it was nolonger in its shareholders best interests to continue discussions.We can see that there was a 5% increase in the share price when thiswas announced, and the volume of trading shows the marketsinformational efficiency Since news emerged that Cingular had made aninformal offer in mid-January, Vodafones shares have underperformedthe rest of the market, cutting the value of the company by more than

Returning to a Pre-Print Culture Understanding of Music :: Web Internet Technology Essays

Returning to a Pre-Print Culture Understanding of Music If the Web technology like Napster is eventually different with the current print based recording industry, which values individual works (i.e. records, CDs, videos) as commodities, then the mental image of the current music industry exit have to be changed drastically. To bridge the gap, something akin to cable service, which uses a flat rate for basic service and then has add-ons like return-per-view competency be utilise to curb or at least contain free dissemination of files while still remaining lucrative. This does not change the current industry paradigm so much it simply awards more commodity status to access than product. Last July, Bertelsmann and Napster CEOs met to discuss a subscription partnership. Between the two of them, the price for a subscription to the vernal Napster was floated at somewhere between $4.99 and $15 a month (Alderman, 171). The problem with this solution is that many people may n ot be willing to pay for something that they have in the past acquired at no cost. It has been relatively easy to bypass security limitations placed on Napster, and in addition, similar applications have appeared to manage with Napster, or replace it in the event that access is blocked (i.e. Morpheus, Gnutella, Aimster 2). A more effective solution might be one similar to what delightful Dead lyricist John Barlow proposed in a 1994 issue of Wired Intellectual property law tailnot be patched, retrofitted, or expanded to contain the gasses of digitized saying We will need to develop an entirely new set of methods as befits this entirely new set of circumstances (Alderman, 20). To completely change the paradigm might involve going back to a pre-individualist, pre-high capitalist system. To keep the industry lucrative, the question that record labels, musicians, and other industry types should be asking themselves is not How can we make money using existing copyright laws in the n etworked surround? but How can we still survive as an industry in an environment where copyright does not? A possible alternative, and an option that hearkens back to pre-print culture, is that musicians might be salaried on the basis that they provide a service. Their art would be free for public enjoyment, but the musicians themselves would be compensated on salary to ensure that music continued to be made at its current rate.